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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T/F
Water soluble vitamins can be stored. |
False.
Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in fatty tissue. Water soluble are easy to absorb and don't store. |
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T/F
More vitamins is better. |
False.
Too much can be harmful. |
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What do coenzymes do?
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Coenzymes help enzymes react.
Ex: B vits |
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T/F
B vitamins are involved in energy metabolism? |
True.
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T/F
B vitamins are not easily destroyed by heat. |
False.
B vitamins are easily destroyed by heat. |
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What is a deficiency of Thiamin called?
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Beriberi
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Of what coenzymes is riboflavin a part?
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FMN (flavin mononucleotide)
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) |
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What are some significant sources of riboflavin?
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milk products (yogurt and cheese)
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T/F
Riboflavin is easily destroyed by heat. |
False.
Riboflavin is easily destroyed by UV light and irradiation. |
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What is the disease of riboflavin deficiency called?
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ariboflavinosis
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What are some other names for Niacin?
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Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide
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Of what is Niacin a precursor?
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dietary tryptophan and serotonin
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How much tryptophan is the equivalent of 1mg Niacin?
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1mg Niacin = 60mg Tryptophan
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What is the upper level of Niacin for adults?
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35mg/day for adults
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What is the chief function of Niacin in the body?
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Niacin is part of the coenzymes NAD and NADP used in energy metabolism
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What are some significant sources of Niacin?
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Milk, eggs, poultry, fish, meat, whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals, nuts, and all protein containing foods
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What is the deficiency disease of Niacin called?
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pellagra
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What are symptoms of Niacin toxicity?
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Painful flush, hives, rash (Niacin flush)
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For what is Niacin used?
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Niacin is given to lower cholesterol
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T/F
Humans make Biotin. |
True
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What is a function of Biotin in the body?
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Biotin is part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism.
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T/F
Biotin is produced by GI bacteria. |
True
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What is Pantothenic Acid a part of?
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Pantothenic acid is part of Coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism
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T/F
Pantothenic Acid is easily destroyed by UV light. |
False.
Pantothenic acid is easily destroyed by food processing. |
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What are some other names for vitamin B6?
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Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine
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What is the upper level for Vitamin B6 in adults?
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100mg/day
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What are the functions of vitamin B6?
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Part of coenzymes PLP (pyroxidal phosphate
Part of coenzymes PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) PLP and PMP are used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Vitamin B6 helps to convert tryptophan to niacin to serotonin Vitamin B6 helps to make RBCs Vitamin B6 may help decrease or maintain healthy homocysteine levels with folate and B12 |
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What are some significant sources of vitamin B6?
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Potatoes, legumes, noncitrus fruits
fortified cereals, soy products |
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What is the deficiency of vitamin B6 called?
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Anemia- microcytic
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T/F
Since Vitamin B6 helps to make RBCs, patients are anemic when they are deficient in vit B6. |
true
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Does vitamin B6 have toxicity?
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yes
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What is the RDA for adults for folate?
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400micrograms/day
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What are the other names for folate?
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folic acid
folacin both when made as a supplement |
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How is folate activated?
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Folate is activated by vit B12
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How is vitamin B12 activated?
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Vitamin B12 is activated by folate.
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How does folate function in pregnancy?
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Folate helps to prevent birth defects such as Spina Bifida.
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What is Spina Bifida?
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Spina Bifida is a neural tube defect.
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When during pregnancy is folate critical?
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Folate is critical during the first 28 days.
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What is the recommended value of folate for sexually active women?
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400micrograms/day
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What is the recommended value of folate for pregnant women?
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600 micrograms/day
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What does folate do for smoking men?
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Folate decreases prostate cancer in men who smoke.
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What does folate do for women who consume alcohol?
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Folate decreases breast cancer in women who drink.
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What is folate deficiency called?
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Folate deficiency is called anemia that is macrocytic.
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The toxicity symptoms of folate mask what other vitamin deficiency?
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Folate toxicity masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms.
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T/F
Folate is easily destroyed by heat and oxygen. |
true.
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Where is B12 found?
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Vitamin B12 is found only in animal products.
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What can be said about the elderly population concerning vitamin B12?
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The elderly have decreased levels of vitamin B12.
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What does vitamin B12 activate?
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B12 activates folate.
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How is vitamin B12 absorbed?
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HCl- activates B12
Pepsin initiates intrinsic factor Intrinsic factor allows for B12 absorption |
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What is another name for vitamin B12?
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cobalamin
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How is vitamin B12 destroyed?
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microwave cooking destroys vitamin B12
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What is the deficiency of vitamin B12 called?
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Pernicious Anemia!!!
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What is another name for vitamin C?
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Ascorbic Acid
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How does ascorbic acid function?
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Ascorbic acid protects against oxidative damage from free radicals
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What is the RDA of Vitamin C for
men? women? smokers? |
men= 90mg/day
women=75mg/day smokers=+35mg/day |
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What is the upper level of vitamin C for adults?
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2000mg/day
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What are the chief functions of vitamin C?
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collagen synthesis
antioxidant thyroxin synthesis (thyroid function) amino acid metabolism strengthens resistance to infection helps in absorption of iron |
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How is Vitamin C destroyed?
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Vitamin C is easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
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What is the deficiency of Vitamin C called?
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scurvy
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What are the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency?
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anemia- microcytic
atherosclerotic plaques poor wound healing bleeding gums loosened teeth bruises |
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By what are fat soluble vitamins transported?
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Chylomicrons
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Can fat soluble vitamins be stored?
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Yes
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Where are fat soluble vitamins stored?
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Fat soluble vitamins are stored in fatty tissue
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From where to do we get retinoids?
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Animal products
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From where do we get carotenoids?
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Plant products
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What amount of beta carotene equals vitamin A?
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12 micrograms of beta carotene = 1 microgram of Vit A.
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For what is Vit A used in the body?
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Vitamin A is used in the formation of mucous membranes in the body.
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What is another function of Vit A in the body?
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Sperm production.
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When is beta carotene an antioxidant?
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When we need an antioxidant or we have enough Vit A.
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What is the upper limit of Vit A?
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3000 micrograms/day
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What are the functions of Vit A?
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vision, maintenance of cornea, bone and tooth growth, reproduction, immunity.
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What are the signs of deficiency of Vit A?
What is the treatment? |
Night-blindness, impaired immunity
Vit A supplement |
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What is toxicity of Vit A called?
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hypervitaminosis A
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What happens with chronic toxicity?
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increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density.
also birth defects |
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What is the function of Vit D in the body?
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mineralization of bones and increasing absorption from GI tract
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From what do we make Vit D?
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We manufacture Vit D from cholesterol
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What is a consequence of aging and Vit D absorption?
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We don't absorb Vit D as well as we age.
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How is Vit D synthesized in the body?
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Vit D is synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight.
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What are some diseases of vitamin D deficiency?
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Rickets in children
Osteomalacia in adults |
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What is toxicity of Vitamin D called?
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hypervitaminosis D
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What are some signs of toxicity of Vitamin D?
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calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints)
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What is the main source of Vitamin E?
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polyunsaturated plant oils
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What is the chief function of Vitamin E in the body?
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antioxidant
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T/F
Vitamin E is easily destroyed by heat and oxygen. |
True. Polyunsaturated plant oils have double bonds, easily attacked by oxygen, become rancid easily.
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What is a toxicity effect of Vitamin E?
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Intensification of the effects of anticlotting medication, ex: Coumadin, Heparin
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What are antioxidants?
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Antioxidants are chemicals that protect our cells from oxidation--they come mainly from our diet.
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What are the antioxidants in our diet?
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Vitamin E
Vitamin C beta-carotene Vitamin A selenium |
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What do free radicals damage in our body?
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cell membranes
LDLs cell proteins genetic material (DNA) |
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What is the chief function of Vitamin K in the body?
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Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins
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Where do we make Vitamin K?
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We make Vitamin K in the GI tract.
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Why do newborns need Vitamin K when they are born?
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Newborns need Vitamin K because they have a sterile gut.
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T/F
It is necessary to restrict Vitamin K if patient is on Coumadin or blood thinning meds. |
True.
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How do we obtain Vitamin K?
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Through bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract.
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What percentage of the body's fluid is intracellular?
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2/3
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What percentage of the body's fluid is extracellular?
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1/3
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T/F
Elderly have more lean body tissue. |
False. Elderly have less lean body tissue. Take fluid with less lean body tissue, makes it easier for them to dehydrate.
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What is the fluid between cells called?
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Interstitial
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What are the two electrolytes most easily lost?
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Sodium and chloride are most easily because they are mainly outside the cell.
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How do we lose water?
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urine, sweat, exhalation, feces
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What is the minimum amount of water needed daily for waste removal?
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500ml/day
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How do we gain water?
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beverages, food, and metabolic reactions
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How much water do we need per calorie of food we eat?
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1 mL/ calorie of food eaten
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What is the equivalency for pounds lost during exercise and fluid needed to replenish?
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1 lb of weight loss = 2 cups of fluid after workout
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What is the main organ in control of homeostasis?
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Kidney
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T/F
Inorganic elements can be stored in the body. |
True. Have to be careful with mineral supplements.
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T/F
If the body is deficient in an element, it is harder to absorb that element. |
False. Easier to absorb whatever deficient in.
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What is the principal extracellular cation?
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Sodium
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What is the minimum requirement of sodium intake for adults?
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500 mg/day
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What are the functions of sodium in the body?
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Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance.
Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction - Na/K pumps |
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Can HTN be caused by sodium?
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No. Some people in population are sensitive to sodium and can exacerbate HTN.
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What is the DASH diet?
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Dietary Approaches to Stop HTN.
8-10 svgs fruits/vegs 3 svgs dairy low in sodium exercise more get weight down |
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What is the principal extracellular anion?
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chloride
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What is a function of chloride?
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part of hydrochloric acid in stomach, necessary for proper digestion
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What is the principal intracellular cation?
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potassium
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What is the calcium requirement for adults?
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Age 19-50, 1000mg/day
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What is the upper level of calcium for adults?
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2500 mg/day
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What does toxicity of Calcium do?
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interferes with absorption of other minerals
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What are the functions of Calcium?
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mineralization of bones and teeth
involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting, blood pressure, immune defenses |
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What is the function of osteoclasts?
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Osteoclasts breakdown bone.
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What is the function of osteoblasts?
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Osteoblasts build up bone.
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When does bone mass peak?
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Bone mass peaks at age 30.
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What are deficiency symptoms of calcium?
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stunted growth of children
OP in adults |
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What is the best supplement for calcium?
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Calcium Citrate
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What is a bad supplement for calcium?
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Animal bones
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What is the chief function of Phosphorus?
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mineralization of bones and teeth
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What are signs of deficiency of phosphorus?
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muscular weakness, bone pain
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What are significant sources of phosphorus?
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all animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk)
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What is the major function of magnesium?
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energy metabolism
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What is the function of sulfur?
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sulfur is essential to the shape of proteins.
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What are the functions of iron?
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forms the protein hemoglobin
myoglobin in muscles, 02 available for muscle contraction |
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What is the RDA of iron for
men? women in childbearing years? postmenopausal women? |
8mg/day
18 mg/day 8mg/day |
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What is the upper limit of iron for adults?
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45mg/day
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How factors enhance nonheme iron absorption?
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MFP factor in meat
vitamin C citric acids from food lactic acids from food HCl from stomach sugars |
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What percentage of daily iron is absorbed from food?
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18% of daily iron is absorbed from food.
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What factors inhibit nonheme iron absorption?
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Phytates
Fibers Oxalates Phosphorus EDTA Calcium Tannic Acid |
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What is iron deficiency called?
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Anemia
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What other symptoms occur from iron deficiency?
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inability to regulate body temp
PICA vision problems |
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What is toxicity of iron called?
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hemochromotosis
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What are the functions of zinc?
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Most needed for growth
taste perception wound healing making of sperm normal development of fetus |
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What can toxicity of zinc cause?
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Toxicity of zinc can cause deficiency of copper
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What are the sources of zinc?
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meat
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What is the upper limit of zinc for adults?
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40mg/day
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What is the chief function of Iodine?
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Iodine is a component in thyroid hormones, thyroxin
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What can deficiency of iron cause?
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goiter
cretinism in pregnancy |
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What is the function of selenium?
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Selenium functions as an antioxidant and regulates thyroid hormone
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What is the chief function of copper in the body?
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absorption and use of iron to form hemoglobin
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What are some deficiency symptoms of copper?
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anemia and bone abnormalities
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What can toxicity of copper cause?
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liver damage
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What is a result of fluoride toxicity?
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Pitting
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What are the functions of fluoride in the body?
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formation of bones and teeth
make teeth resistant to decay |
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What is the chief function of chromium?
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Enhances insulin action
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