Nutrition Chapter 6

Front 1

large complex molecules found in cells of all living things

- muscle mass, bones, skin, blood

- metabolism,immunity, gluid balance, nutrient transport, can provide energy

Back 1

proteins

Front 2

human body is able to syntethsize

Back 2

proteins

Front 3

difference betweeen carbs, lipids, and proteins

Back 3

= they are made according to instructions provided by dna

= proteins contain nitrogen that our bodies can readily use

Front 4

proteins made from

Back 4

amino acids

- central caroon with 4 groups, amine group, acid group, atm, side chain

Front 5

amine means

Back 5

nitrogen containing

Front 6

bodies syntehsize estimated

Back 6

10k to 50k unique proteins

Front 7

20

Back 7

amino acids in our bodies

- 9 are essential

Front 8

esential amino acid

Back 8

bodies cannot produce at all or in sufficient amount to meet our physiologic needs

- must obtain from food

- wo this we lose ability to make proteins and nitrogen compounds

Front 9

we make nonessential amino acids by

Back 9

transferring amine group from other amino acid to different acid group and side chain

= called transamination

Front 10

acid groups and side chains can be

Back 10

- can be donated or brokedown from carbs and fats

Front 11

conditionally essential amino acid

Back 11

- nonessential to essential

- arginine, cysteine, glutamine

Front 12

essential amino acids

Back 12

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

Front 13

unique chemical bond where amine group of one amino acid binds to acid group of another in order to manufacture dipeptides and all larger pdptide moelcules

- water molecule is released

- amine + acid of two amino acids

Back 13

peptide bonds

Front 14

oligopeptide

Back 14

4-9 amino acids

Front 15

10 or more

Back 15

polypeptide

Front 16

process by which cells use genes to make proteins

Back 16

gene expression

Front 17

proteins actually manufacture at site of

Back 17

ribosomes in the cells cytoplasm

Front 18

molecule to copy/transcribe infor fromdna and carry it to ribosomes

Back 18

messenger rna

- during transcription mrna copies dna and brings to ribosomes in cytoplasm and translation occurs DNA TO AMINO ACIDS

- at ribosome mrna binds with rrna and genetic infor distributed to trna

- trna roams cytoplasm for amino acid

Front 19

beta cells

Back 19

pancrease express insulin

Front 20

skin cells live form

Back 20

30 days

Front 21

amino acids from food and breakdown fo cells creates

Back 21

amino acid pool

Front 22

levels of protein structure

Back 22

1. primary

2. secondary

3. tertiary

4. quarternary

Front 23

primary structure

Back 23

sequential order of amino acids

Front 24

secondary structure

Back 24

twisting or folding of amino acid chain

Front 25

tertiary structure

Back 25

folding in 3d

- bonds between h atoms and s atoms maintin shapeand function

Front 26

quartanary structure

Back 26

2 or more polypeptides interact forming larger protein

- actin

- may be globular or fibrous

Front 27

process by which proteins uncoil and lose their shape and function when they are exposed to heat,a cids, bases, heavy metals, alcohol

Back 27

denaturation

Front 28

essential amino acid that is missing or in smallest supply in the amino acid pool and is thus responsible for slowing or halting protein synthesis

Back 28

limiting amino acid

Front 29

protein or foods that does not contain all of essential amino acids in suficient quantities to support growth and health

Back 29

incomplete protein

Front 30

foods that do contai all 9 essential amino acids

Back 30

complete proteins/ high quality

Front 31

most complete protein sources

Back 31

animals: egg whites, meat, oultry, fish, ilk

plant: soybeans, quinoa

Front 32

process of combining two or more incomplete protein sources to make complete protein

- complementary foods are involved which have complementary proteins

Back 32

mutual supplementation

Front 33

2 or more foods that together contain all 9 essentail amino acids necessary for complete protein

- not necessary to eat complementary proteins at same meal

Back 33

complementary proteins

Front 34

consume complementary protein foods

Back 34

same day bc partially not stored

Front 35

rbc

Back 35

live for 3/4 months

Front 36

cells lining intestinal tract replaced

Back 36

3/6 days

Front 37

phosphofructokinase

Back 37

- drive rate of break down glucose and use for energy during exercise

- wb we wouldnt be able to generate energy fast enough to be physically active

Front 38

most hormones made from

Back 38

amino acids

Front 39

electrically charged atoms ions that assist in maintaing luid balance

- na and k

Back 39

electrolytes

Front 40

disorder in which fluids build up in the tissue spaces of the bodym causing fluid imbalances and a swollen appearance

Back 40

edema

Front 41

na k pump of transport proteins

Back 41

na pumped outside and k inside

Front 42

low protein intake

Back 42

-nerve signals and contractions of muscles

- rythym of heart

- muscle weakness

- muscle spasms

- kidney failure

Front 43

acids has

Back 43

more hydrogen ion s tha pure water

Front 44

acids and bases transported in blood and excreted through

Back 44

kidneys and lungs

Front 45

acidosis

Back 45

when blood becomes too acidic, level of hydrogen in blood is excessive

- can be caused by respiratory or metabolic problems

Front 46

alkalosis

Back 46

blood becomes to alkalic

- level of hydrogen in blood is deficient

- can be caused by respiratory or metabolic problems

Front 47

proteins that help maintain proper acid-base balance by attaching to or releasing hydrogen ions as condition change in the body

Back 47

buffers

Front 48

defenseive proteins of the immune system

- production is promoted by presence of bacteria, viruses, toxins, allergens

Back 48

antibodies

Front 49

proteins are good buffers bc

Back 49

side chains have negative charges that can bind hydrogen ions when blood becomes acidic and neutralize

Front 50

adequate protein necessary to support

Back 50

increased production of antibdies that occurs in response to cold, flu or allergic reaction

Front 51

to use proteins for energy

Back 51

liver removes amine group from amino acid in deamination

- nitrogen bonds with hydrogen breating ammonia

- kidney converts ammonia to urea

-- amino acids can be converted to glucose bia gluconeogensis

Front 52

eating too much protein results in

Back 52

removal and excretion of nitrogen in urine

Front 53

lipoproteins

Back 53

- lipids bound to proteins

- allow transport of hydrophobic lipids

Front 54

transferring

Back 54

- iron in blood

- storage protein where iron is stored in liver

Front 55

chemicals that transmit messages from one nerve cell to another

- epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 55

neurotransmitters

Front 56

process by which an amine group is removed from an amino acid. nitrogen is then transported to kidneys for excretion in urine, while carbona nd other components are metabolized for energy or used to make other compounds

Back 56

deamination

Front 57

an enzyme in the stomach that begins the brekdown of proteins into shorter o=polpeptide chains and single amino acids

Back 57

pepsin

Front 58

when proteins reach stomach, hydrochloric acid denatues protein strands and converts pepsinogen into pepsin a protein digesting enzyme

Back 58

ya

Front 59

enzymes that continue breakdown of polypeptides int he small intestine

Back 59

ya

Front 60

quality of protein

Back 60

- amount of essential amino acids

- diestibility

Front 61

animal protein are highly digestive and soy

Back 61

more than 90%

Front 62

legumes digestibility

Back 62

70-80% high

Front 63

grains and vegetable proteins less digestible

Back 63

60-90%

Front 64

positive nitrogen balance

Back 64

consume more than excreted

- states that body is retaining or adding protein

- occurs during periods of growth, pregnancy, or recovery form illness, or protein deficiency

Front 65

healthy adults who are not pregnant are in

Back 65

nitrogen balance

Front 66

rda for sedentary people is

Back 66

.8 g per kg body weight per day of protein

Front 67

recommended percentage of energy from protein is

Back 67

10-35%

- higher for children, adolescents, and pregnant/lactating women bc more proeing needed for gorwth, active, and vegetarians

Front 68

negative nitrogen balance

Back 68

results from starvation, low energy diet, illness, infection, serious burns, injuries

Front 69

health risks with high protein intkes

Back 69

1. heart disease - animal cholesterol

2. bone loss - blood acidic and pulls cacium to buffer

3. kidney disease - increase in protein consumption increases protein metabolisma nd urea production

Front 70

good sources of protein include

Back 70

meats, eggs, dairy, legumes, nuts, quorn, certain ancient grains like quinoa

Front 71

of 4 % of americans that are vegetarians

Back 71

25% are vegans

Front 72

vegetarians should eat 2-3 servings of beans nuts seeds eggs or meat substitutes

- vitamin d , riboflavin b2, zinc and iron

Back 72

vegetarians

Front 73

protein energy malnutrition diseases

Back 73

marasmus and kwashiorkor

Front 74

form of protein energy malnutrition that rsults form grossly inadequate intake of enrgy and protein and nutrients

- characterizzed by extreme tissue wasting and stunted growth and development

- weakening of muscles, stunted brain development and learning impariment, depresed metabolism, little insulation, deterioration of intestinal lining, anemia, weak immune system

Back 74

marasmus

Front 75

form of protein energy malnutrition that is typically seen in infants and toddlers

- wasting, edema

- less severe than marasmus

- loss of appetite

- sores

- dry brittle hair

Back 75

kwashiorkor

Front 76

genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to be shaped like a sickle or rescent, impeding their transport to body tissues

Back 76

sickle cell anemia

Front 77

genetic disorder causes alteration in chloride transport, leading to production of thick, sticky mucus that causes life threatening repsiratory and digestive problems

Back 77

cystic fibrosis

Front 78

organic compounds that regulate a wide range of body processes

- can syntehsize small amounts of d and k

- we must consume all in our diet

Back 78

vitamins

Front 79

fat soluble vitamins

Back 79

adek

- found in fatty portions of food

Front 80

consuming nutrients in amounts that are ten or more times higher than recommended levels

Back 80

megadosing

Front 81

water soluble vitamins

Back 81

c (ascorbic acid) and b vitamins (riboflaving, niacin, b6,b12,folate, pantothenic acid, biotin, thiamin)

- excreted in urine

Front 82

cobalamin

Back 82

b12

Front 83

b6

Back 83

include pyridoxal,pyridoxine, pyridoxamine

Front 84

vitamin d

Back 84

include cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol

Front 85

vitamin k includes

Back 85

phylloquinone and menanaquinone

Front 86

bitamin a includes

Back 86

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

Front 87

vitamine e includes

Back 87

tocopherols, alpha tocopherol

Front 88

naturally occuring inorganic substances

- calcium, iron, zinc

- solid

- crystalline substances that do not contain carbon

- do not break down during digestion or absorption

- assist in regulating body processes

Back 88

minerals

- all elements

Front 89

minerals that must be consumed in amounts of 100mg/day or more and that are present in body at level of 5g or more

Back 89

majorminerals

Front 90

minerals that must be consumed in amounts of less than 100mg/day and present in body less than 5g

- selenium, fluoride, iodine, chromium, manganese, iron, zinc, copper

Back 90

trace minerals

Front 91

micronutients digestibility

Back 91

3-10%

Front 92

dietary iron

Back 92

heme iron - meats

non heme iron= plants and animal foods

Front 93

alcoholics more susceptible to toxic effects of

Back 93

vitmin a supplements

Front 94

vitamin d has lowered disease risk for

Back 94

colon cancer

Front 95

vitamin e has lowered disease risk for

Back 95

diabetes

Front 96

vitamin k has lowered disease risk for

Back 96

osteoporosis

Front 97

calcium has lowered disease risk for

Back 97

high blood pressure (hypertension)

Front 98

chromium has lowered disease risk for

Back 98

type 2 diabetes in older adults

Front 99

magnesium has lowered disease risk for

Back 99

muscle wasting (sacropenia) in older adults

Front 100

selenium has lowered disease risk for

Back 100

certain types of cancer