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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is metabolism? |
•The sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells |
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Know what an anabolic reaction and a catabolic reaction are |
•Anabolic Reaction: building reactions •Catabolic Reaction: breakdown reactions |
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Which one uses energy and which one releases energy? (anabolic/catabolic) |
•Anabolic Reaction: requires energy •Catabolic Reaction: releases energy |
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What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells? |
•ATP |
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Know the major metabolic functions of the liver |
•Carbohydrates -Metabolizes fructose, galactose, and glucose -Makes and stores glycogen -Breaks down glycogen and releases glucose -Breaks down glucose for energy when needed -Makes glucose from some amino acids and glycerol when needed -Converts excess glucose and fructose to fatty acids
•Proteins -Manufactures nonessential amino acids that are in short supply -Removes from circulation amino acids that are present in excess of need and converts them to other amino acids or deaminates them and converts them to glucose or fatty acids -Removes ammonia from the blood and converts it to urea to be sent to the kidneys for excretion -Makes other nitrogen-containing compounds the body needs (such as bases used in DNA and RNA) -Makes many proteins
•Lipids -Builds and breaks down triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol as needed -Breaks down fatty acids for energy when needed -Packages lipids in lipoproteins for transport to other body tissues -Manufactures bile to send to the gallbladder for use in fat digestion -Makes ketone bodies when necessary
•Other -Detoxifies alcohol, other drugs, and poisons; prepares waste products for excretion -Helps dismantle old red blood cells and captures the iron for recycling -Stores most vitamins and many minerals -Activates vitamin D |
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Know what an aerobic reaction and an anaerobic reaction are |
•Aerobic Reaction: requires oxygen; pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA to create ATP for energy •Anaerobic Reaction: doesn’t require oxygen; pyruvate is converted to lactate to create ATP for energy |
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When does lactic acid accumulate in the muscles? |
•During high-intensity exercise and anaerobic reactions where lactate is being used to produce ATP |
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Know what the Cori Cycle is |
•Pyruvate → lactate → ATP → lactic acid build up → sent back to liver → converted back to glucose |
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What is the major fuel for the brain, nervous system, and red blood cells? |
•Glucose |
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If the body has insufficient carbohydrate to make glucose, what else can be used to make glucose? |
•Amino acids and glycerol |
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Know what part of the triglyceride can be used to make glucose |
•Glycerol
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When nutrients are eaten in excess, which ones can be stored as fat? |
•Amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and glycerol |
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When fasting, what does the body use first for energy? |
•Glycogen and fat stores
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What does the body eventually adapt to use after long term fasting? |
•Ketone bodies |
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What is ketosis? |
•The body’s adaptation to starvation by using ketone bodies from fat breakdown for brain fuel |
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What are the adverse side effects of ketogenic diets? |
•Nausea •Fatigue (especially if physically active) •Constipation •Low blood pressure •Elevated uric acid (which may exacerbate kidney disease and cause inflammation of the joints in those predisposed to gout) •Stale, foul taste in the mouth (bad breath) •In pregnant women, fetal harm and stillbirth |
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What is considered moderate level of alcohol consumption for men and women? |
•Women: 1 drink/day •Men: 2 drinks/day -12 oz of beer -10 oz of wine cooler -5 oz of wine -1.5 oz of distilled liquor (80 proof) |
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What behavior is affected first when a person begins to drink alcohol? |
•Judgment and reasoning |
