Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What cells are carbs the primary fuel source?
|
Central Nervous System
Red Blood Cells |
|
|
how many calories in carbs?
|
4kcal/g
|
|
|
What is included in the Carbohydrate family?
|
sugar, starch, fiber
|
|
|
What is the main source of carbs?
|
plants
(photosynthesis, stored as glucose or transformed into starch, fiber, protein, or fat) |
|
|
What is the formula for a monosaccharide? disaccharide?
What is the 6-carbon sugar referred to as? |
(CH2O)6
(CH2O)12 Hexose |
|
|
Name the common monosaccharides
|
glucose
fructose galactose |
|
|
What is "blood sugar" referring to?
|
Glucose
|
|
|
What common foods is fructose found in?
about how much of our diet is fructose? Why? |
fruits, vegetables, honey
8-10% of total energy intake, high-fructose corn syrup |
|
|
Where is galactose mostly found?
|
NOT free
combined with glucose to make lactose |
|
|
What are some sugar alcohols?
Where are they primarily used? |
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol
used as sweeteners in sugarless gum and dietetic food |
|
|
What are ribose and deoxyribose classified as?
|
pentoses
|
|
|
The linking of 2 monosaccharides is what type of reaction?
|
condensation reaction (water formed and removed)
|
|
|
How do alpha and beta bonds differ?
|
Beta is hard to break down by our enzymes
|
|
|
What is malting?
|
(first step in producing alcoholic beverages)
letting grain seeds sprout--breaks down polysaccharides into maltose and glucose |
|
|
What is sucrose commonly known as? Where is it found?
|
table sugar
plants (sugar cane, sugar beets, maple tree sap) |
|
|
What are common symptoms when you don't have the enzyme lactase?
Why? |
intestinal gas, bloating, cramping, discomfort
unabsorbed lactose is metabolized into acids and gases by bacteria in lg. intestine |
|
|
What are oligosaccharides?
What are two common oligosaccharides? |
3-10 single sugars
Raffinose stachyose |
|
|
Where are Raffinose and stachyose found?
|
onions, cabbage, broccoli, whole wheat, legumes (kidney and soy beans)
|
|
|
Where are oligosaccharides digested?
|
large intestine
we don't have the enzymes to break them down, so must be broken down by bacteria |
|
|
What is Beano?
|
enzyme preparation
breaks down oligosaccharides we can't digest |
|
|
What are complex carbs that contain hundreds--thousands of glucose molecules?
What are the digestible type? indigestible? |
Polysaccharides
Starch Fiber |
|
|
What is digestibility of polysaccharides determined by?
|
alpha or beta bonds
|
|
|
What is starch?
|
storage form of glucose in plants
|
|
|
What are two types of plant starch?
Where is starch found? |
amylose and amylopectin
potatoes, beans, breads, pasta, rice (typically in a ratio of about 1:4) |
|
|
What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin
|
amylose is a straight chain
amylopectin is highly branched |
|
|
Why does cooking increase digestibility?
|
enzymes only act only at the ends of glucose chains
|
|
|
How are amylose and amylopectin used in food manufacturing?
|
amylopectin retains water (because of branching)--form stable gel, used to make sauces and gravies
amylopectin also used in frozen foods because it is stable in a wide range of temperature amylose forms modified food starch (in baby foods, salads dressings, and instant puddings) |
|
|
What is glycogen?
|
storage form of carbs in animals
more branched than amylopectin (broken down more quickly) |
|
|
Where is glycogen stored?
How much can be stored? |
liver and muscles
400kcal in liver 1400 kcal in muscles |
|
|
What is total fiber (dietary fiber)
|
fiber naturally found in food
|
|
|
What is functional fiber?
|
fiber that is added to food
(nutrition facts don't include functional fiber) |
|
|
What are fibers primarily composed of?
|
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, gums, mucilages
|
|
|
What bonds link fibers? What does that do for the body?
|
beta linkages
bacteria in lg. intestine form short-chain fatty acids that provide fuel for cells in the lg intestine and enhance intestinal health |
|
|
What types of fiber are more readily digested in lg. intestine? how many calories are yeilded?
What types are more resistant to digestion? |
Pectins, gums, mucilages--yield 1.5-2.5 kcal
cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins |
|
|
What are insoluble fibers?
|
cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignins
bran layers that form the outer coverings of all seeds |
|
|
What are soluble fibers?
|
pectins, gums, mucilages, and some hemicellulose
in water they become vscous (jams, yogurt) |
|
|
What are some health benefits of soluble fibers?
insoluble fibers? |
lower blood cholesterol and blood glucose levels (reduce heart disease, diabetes)
decrease intestinal transit time (reduce constipation, colon cancer) |
|
|
What are some examples of Pectin?
|
fruits
thickener in jams and jellies |
|
|
What are some examples of hemicellulose?
|
oat bran
whole grains cereal fibers some vegetables |
|
|
What are some examples of gums and mucilagess?
|
legumes, seaweed, psyllium
|
|
|
What are some examples of cellulose?
|
skin of fruits and vegetables
legumes celery whole grains |
|
|
What are some examples of lignins?
|
seeds of fruits
bran layer of whole grains |
|
|
How do plants store glucose?
|
starch
|
|
|
What are some examples of good sources of starch?
|
legumes
tubers grains (wheat, rye, corn, oats, barley, rice) |
|
|
What are the 2 broad classes of sweetness?
|
nutritive sweetners (can yield energy)
alternative sweetners (no energy) |
|
|
What are some examples of nutritive sweetners?
|
lactose
maltose glucose sucrose invert sugars (honey) fructose |
|
|
Most sugars we eat are what type?
|
alternative sugars
|
|
|
What nutritive sweetener is used by food industry?
|
high-fructose corn syrup
|
|
|
What are some examples of sugar alcohols? When are they used?
|
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol
used in sugarless gum and candies |
|
|
What don't sugar alcohols promote dental caries?
|
they are not metabolized in the mouth by bacteria
|
|
|
How many calories do sugar alcohols contribute?
|
1.5-3 kcal
they are metabolized more slowly than sugars |
|
|
How are sugar alcohols listed on nutrition labels?
|
if only 1 sugar alcohol: that alcohol is named
if 2/more: just listed as "sugar alcohols" |
|
|
What are some examples of alternative sweeteners?
|
saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, neotame, sucralose, acesulfame-K, tagatose
|
|
|
Which sweetener was banned in the US?
|
Cyclamate
|
|
|
What determines the safety of alternative sweeteners?
|
FDA
indicated by Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) |
|
|
How are ADI based?
|
based on animal testing
set 100x lower than harmless levels on animals (pregnant women should consult doctors) |
|
|
How much sweeter is Saccharin than sucrose?
What is the ADI of Saccharin? |
300x sweeter than sucrose
ADI: 5 mg/kg (154 lb adult: three 12-oz sodas, 7 packets of sweet-n-low) **develops bitter taste when heated/cooked |
|
|
What are some products that use Aspartame?
How many calories does Aspartame yield? |
Equal, Nutra-Sweet
4 kcal/g 180x sweeter than sucrose |
|
|
What is the ADI for Apartame?
|
50 mg/kg (14 cans of diet soft drink, 80 packets of Equal)
|
|
|
Who should avoid Aspartame?
|
anyone with phenylketonuria (PKU) because it interferes with metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanin (which is high in aspartame)
|
|
|
What artificial sweetener can be used in cooking? How much sweeter is it than sucrose? What is the ADI of this sweetener?
|
Neotame
7000-13,000x sweeter than sucrose ADI: 2 mg/kg |
|
|
Can Acesulfame-K be used in cooking? What is it's ADI?
How much sweeter than sucrose is it? |
Yes
ADI: 15 mg/kg 200x sweeter |
|
|
What artificial sweetener is Splenda?
How much sweeter is it than sucrose? What is it's ADI? |
Sucralose
ADI: 5 mg/kg 600x sweeter |
|
|
What is the only artificial sweetener made from sucrose?
|
Sucralose (replaces 3 Cl with 3 -OH
prevents it from being digested and absorbed |
