Understanding Nutrition Ch.3

Front 1

the process by which food is borken down into absorbable units

Back 1

digestion

Front 2

the uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph

Back 2

absorption

Front 3

the digestive tract. the principal organs are the stomach and intestines

Back 3

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

Front 4

chews and mixes food with saliva

Back 4

mouth

Front 5

directs food from mouth to esophagus

Back 5

pharynx

Front 6

secrete saliva (contains starch-digesting enzymes)

Back 6

salivary glands

Front 7

protects airway during swallowing

Back 7

epiglottis

Front 8

allows air to pass to and from lungs

Back 8

trachea

Front 9

passes food from the mouth to the stomach

Back 9

esophagus

Front 10

allow passage from mouth to esophagus and from esophagus to stomach; prevent backflow from stomach to esophagus and from esophagus to mouth

Back 10

esophageal spincters

Front 11

adds acid, enzymes, and fluid; churns, mixes, and grindsfood to a liquid mass

Back 11

stomach

Front 12

allows passage from stomach to small intestine; prevents backflow from small intestine

Back 12

pyloric sphincter

Front 13

manufactures bile salts, detergent-like substances, to help digest fats

Back 13

liver

Front 14

stores bile until needed

Back 14

gallbladder

Front 15

conducts bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine

Back 15

bile duct

Front 16

stores lymph cells

Back 16

appendix

Front 17

secretes enzymes that digest all energy-yeilding nutrients to smaller nutrient particles; cells of wall absorb nutrients into blood and lymph

Back 17

small intestine

Front 18

allows passage from small to large intestine; prevents backflow from large intestine

Back 18

ileocecal valve (sphincter)

Front 19

manufactures enzymes to digest all energy yielding nutrients and releases bicarbonate to neutralize acid chyme that enters the small intestine

Back 19

pancreas

Front 20

conducts pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the small intestine

Back 20

pancreatic duct

Front 21

reabsorbs water and minerals; passes waste (fiber, bacteria, and unabsorbed nutrients) along with water the rectum

Back 21

large intestine (colon)

Front 22

stores waste prior to elimination

Back 22

rectum

Front 23

holds rectum closed; opens to allow elimination

Back 23

anus

Front 24

a portion; with respect to food, the amount swallowed at one time

Back 24

bolus

Front 25

the semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum

Back 25

chyme

Front 26

wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along

Back 26

peristalsis

Front 27

a periodic squeezing or partitioning of the intestine at intervals along its length by its intestine at intervals along its length by its circular muscles

Back 27

segmentation

Front 28

a backward flow

Back 28

reflux

Front 29

a compound that facilitates chemical reactions without itself being changed in the process

Back 29

catalyst

Front 30

the unit of measure expressing a substance's acidity or alkalinity

Back 30

PH

Front 31

proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds

Back 31

digestive enzymes

Front 32

cells or groups if cells that secrete materials for special uses in the body

Back 32

glands

Front 33

exocrine glands that secrete saliva into the mouth

Back 33

salivary glands

Front 34

the secretion of the salivary glands

Back 34

saliva

Front 35

exocrine glands in the stomach wall that secrete gastric juice into the stomach

Back 35

gastric glands

Front 36

the digestive secretion of the gastric glands of he stomach

Back 36

gastric juice

Front 37

an acid composed of hydrogen and chloride atoms that is normally produced by the gastric glands

Back 37

hydrochloric acid

Front 38

a slippery substance secreted by cells of the GI lining that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices.

Back 38

mucus

Front 39

the organ that manufactures bile

Back 39

liver

Front 40

an emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; an exocrine secretion made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed

Back 40

bile

Front 41

the exocrine secretion of the pancreas, containing enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrate, fat, and protein as well as bicarbonate, a neutralizing agent

Back 41

pancreatic juice

Front 42

an alkaline compound with the formula HCO3 that is secreted from the pancreas as part of the pancreatic juice

Back 42

bicarbonate

Front 43

fingerlike projections from the folds of the small intestine

Back 43

villi

Front 44

tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into the cells

Back 44

microvilli

Front 45

tubular glands that lie between the intestinal villi and secrete intestinal juices into the small intestine

Back 45

crypts

Front 46

cells of the GI tract that secrete mucus

Back 46

goblet cells

Front 47

the large, primary artery that conducts blood from the heart to the body's smaller arteries

Back 47

aorta

Front 48

vessels that carry blood form the heart to the tissues

Back 48

arteries

Front 49

small vessels that branch form an artery.

Back 49

capillaries

Front 50

vessels that carry blood to the heart

Back 50

veins

Front 51

the vein that collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to capillaries in the liver

Back 51

hepatic portal vein

Front 52

a loosely organized system of vessels and ducts that convey fluid toward the heart.

Back 52

lymphatic system

Front 53

a clear yellowish fluid that is similar to blood except that it contains no red blood cells or platelets.

Back 53

lymph

Front 54

the main lymphatic vessels that collect lymph and drains into the left subclavian vein

Back 54

thoracic duct

Front 55

the vein that provides passageway form the lymphatic system to the vascular system

Back 55

subclavian vein

Front 56

chemical messengers

Back 56

hormones

Front 57

a hormone secreted by cells in the stomach wall

Back 57

gastrin

Front 58

a hormone produced by cells in the duodenum wall

Back 58

secretin