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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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6 categories of nutrients
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water
minerals vitamins lipids carbs protein |
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minerals are important for:
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-tissue growth and repair
-body regulation (hormones, enzymes, acid/base imbalance, muscle and nerve stimulation -milk stimulation |
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fat soluble vitamins
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A,D,E,K
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why are polysaccharides important in large animal nutrition
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they are a major component of plant material
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what is looked at in a feed analysis
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water
crude protein, fat and fiber nitrogen free extract mineral matter or ash |
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what is the total digestable nutrients
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the relative energy value of a feed to an animal
the total cude protein, fiber and fat( x2.25) and Nitrogen free extract |
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factors that affect total digestible nutrients
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-percent of dry matter
-digestibility of dry matter -amount of ash in dry matter -amount of fat in digestible dry matter |
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calorie
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the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of water to 1 degree
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kilocalorie
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the amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water to 1 degree
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gross energy
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the total heat produced by burning food in a bomb calorimeter
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digestible energy
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energy remaining after energy lost from feces is subtracted from GE
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metabolizable energy
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energy available to the animal after energy from fececs, urine, and gasses of fermentation have been extracted
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Most like amino acids to be deficient
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lysine, mehtionin and tryptophan
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protein deficicency
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inadequate availability of one or more limiting amino acids
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signs of amino acid deficiency
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poor growth
poor utilizaiton lower consumption low birth rates\high infant mortality reduced milk and egg production infertility |
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the 2 essential fatty acids
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linoleic and linolenic acid
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why are fatty acids important
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they form cell membranes, prostaglandins, and hormone like compounds
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what would you see in a fatty acid deficient animal
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scaly skin, tail necrosis, growth and repoductive failure, edema, SQ hemorrhage, poor feathering
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active absorption (minerals)
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pumping of minerals from ingesta into the intestinal cells
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passive absorption (minerals)
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diffusion-relies on higher concentration of the mineral in the ingesta than the intestinal cells
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rickets
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deficiency of calcium, phosphorus or vitamin d
-inadequate bone mineralization -crooked legs and enlarged joints |
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symptoms of mild-severe phosphorus deficiency
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pica
growth and reproduction problems |
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signs of a sodium deficiency
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salt cravings
emaciation listlessness poor performance |
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magnesium deficiency
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"grass tentany"
seen during cool cloudy weather in late winter, early spring -irritability -convulsions -coma and death |
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manganese deficiency
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chicks and other poultry
-perosis (enlarged, deformed hock joint) |
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copper deficiency
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actually a deficiency of Mo that inhibits the uptake of copper
results in light hair coat, partial paralysis of hind quarters |
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Se deficiency
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white muscle disease
nutritional muscular dystrophy seen primarily in young animals |
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fluorine toxicity
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enlarged, soft bones
-teeth wear rapidly -difficulty vwalking -"poor doer" |
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Se toxicity
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selenium can be found in soil and vegetation
-elongated hooves, loss of tail and mane in horses -difficulty walking |
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purpose of water soluble vitamins
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act as coenzymes
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purpose of vitamins A, D, E and K
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A-vision and maintenance of epithelial cells
D-apsorption and metabolism of calcium -bone metabolism E- metabolic antioxidant K-blood clotting |
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general signs of a vitamin deficiency
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anorexia
reduced growth dermatitis weakness muscular incoordination Vit A-various blindness Vit D-rickets, bone disorders Vit K-hemorrhage in tissues |
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what vitamin deficiencies are of concern in cattle
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vitamin A, E and somtimes D
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what deficiencies are of concern in swine
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riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid,B12, choline Vitamins A,D and E
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cardiovascular disease diet requirments
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low sodium and chloride
increased potassium increased energy |
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renal disease diet
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reduced sodium and protein
non protein calories |
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urolithiasis (calcium oxalate, urate and cystine) diets
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reduced protein, sodium, calcium and phophorus
-urine alkalinity |
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liver disease
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high quality, low quantity protein
high digestibility carbs low sodium low copper added vitamin K |
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food allergy diets
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modified proteins
single/limited carb source high digestibility |
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GI disorders, colitis, IBD, D andV
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high digestibility, protein and carbs
low-moderate fat increased potassium, B-complex vitamins |
