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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Labeling Animal feed |
Labeling Animal Feed 1. Feed labels or tags = legal documents2. Vary state to state 3. Health Claims on labels subjectto FDA regulation 4. Not refer to NRC 5. By as-fed weight – hard to compare nutr.analyses with different moisture contents 6. Listed as minimums or maximums |
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Soybeans are high in ? |
Lysine except have trypsin |
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problems with Cotton seed |
fertility Gossypol |
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Canola |
rapeseed - low erusic acid protein source |
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Forages |
Legumes - fix nitrogen (alfalfa, soybeans, clovers) high in P cause bloat Cool season grasses C3- bluegrass, rye, Orchard grass Warm season C4 less protein - Indian grass, Blue stem and corn |
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Silage |
33 - 37% dry matter low pH 3.8 Anaerobic fermentation 3-6 weeks |
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________ calories = ____ Kcal ___ kg = ____ lbs ____ lb = _____ grams = _____ ounces ____ oz = ____ g |
1000 cal = 1 Kcal 1 kg = 2.2 lbs1 mg/kg = 1 ppm1 lb = 454 grams = 16 ounces1 oz = 28.3 g |
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largest energy usage |
maintain electrolyte pumps in cells |
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Indirect calorimetry |
heat produced by consumption of O2 |
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Metabolic body weight |
Digestible energy needed by most mammals (120) Kg BW^3/4 larger species require less energy than smaller species |
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How much energy is in feed ? |
GE = energy given off as heat DE= horses and fish (GE- energy in feces= DE) ME= dogs,cats,swine and poultry (DE- energy in urine and exhaled gases) Heat inefficiencies of nutr metabolism NE= (ME- heat increment) - truly defines the feed available cattle, sheep and goats |
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10 essential a.a. |
- P- henylalanine- V – aline- T- hreonine- -- T- ryptophan- I – soleucine- M– ethionine- - - H – istidine- A– rginine- L– ysine- L – eucineCats= Taurine = Meat |
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Soybeans are high in ? but low in ? corn is high in ? but low in ? |
lysine Methionine methionine lysine |
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Limiting a.a. |
Lysine and methionine |
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Short chain fatty acids |
VFA - anaerobic |
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Medium chain fatty acids |
coconut oil , dog with pancreatic insufficiency |
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Long chain Fatty acids |
marine algae ocean fish |
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Fully saturated fatty acids |
soild at room temp |
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Unsaturated fatty acids |
rancidification at C=C oxidized easier |
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Omega 3 |
Fish oil, flax seed, primrose, algae reduced inflammation imporved repro |
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Omega 6 |
soy oil, canola oil arachidonic acid - cats must eat brain |
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Omega 9 |
oleic acid animal fats dairy |
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Dalmations |
defect in uptake of uric acid by liver and so poor allantoin - crystalizes in urine |
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Primates, birds and reptiles |
uric acid is the end product conserve water |
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Acute hypocalcemia |
hyperexcitable nerves = tetany too long = osteoporosis lack of excitation across myoneural junction = paresis (milk fever) |
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Hypercalcemia |
calcification of soft tissues (kidney) Parathyroid glands - sense reduction of Ca in blood - decrease Ca excretion by kidney - increase renal secretion - increase rate of bone calcium resorption |
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Vitamin D |
Prohormone - required only in the absence of light -Dogs, cats, bats and mole rats always need - UV-B irradiation - bowing of legs - Osteo maysea = soft bone (Rickets in young animals) -active trancellular transport of Ca |
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Horses and Rabbits Vitamin D |
never need extra Renal failure = death of horse |
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Ca Homeostasis in hens and eggshells |
24-29 mg / dl Plasma pool larger Estrogen capture more |
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Hypercalcemia |
Calcitonin = Thyroid increase renal excretion stops bone Ca resorption rapid decline in blood Ca |
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Vitamin D precursors |
UV of sunlight Vit D3 new world monkeys, reptiles and birds |
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Intoxications of Vitamin D |
Rodenticides Enteque seco- calcification of soft tissue and death |
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Lack of Vitamin D |
no programmed cell death not all about Ca bone softening |
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Calcium deficiency Rickets |
Vitamin D or Phos def growth plate widen enlarged painful joints bowing of legs short stature Poultry - bones bend Pigs- enlarged costochondral joints rosary bead lesion fractures |
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Normal bond remodeling |
1. microfracture within trabecular bone 2. activation - osteoclast move in 3. resorption- osteoclast - ruffled border 4. resorption- osteoclast scoop out 5. reversal- osteoblast 6. osteoblast - new bone matrix 7. resting stage |
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Osteoporosis |
not the same at bone softening Ca too low and P lactating animals senile animals |
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Osteodystrophy |
Rubber jaw - low Ca or low Vit. D or too much Phos. |
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Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism |
fail to excrete phosphate low diet Ca Horses- bighead disease - Grain high P and low Ca - shifting lamness - tropical plants Iguanas and turtles - diets meat and fruits sun lamp temp too low Dogs and cats - hamburger too much P |
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Acute Hypocalcemic disorders |
milk fever mastitis retained placenta displaced abdomasum Caged layer fatigue - thin egg shells Lactation tetany eclampsia bitch mare sow larger litters = hyperexcitable nerves LACK OF Mg Vit D or P def. |
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Osteomalacia |
adult rickets
hypophosphatemic downer cows run out of ATP milk fever before hand cold weather |
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Magnesium |
Lush growth Nystagmus - eyes go back and forth convulsions = coma Plugged tom cat struvite - acidify diet too much = slow reaction time Potassium can block |
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Na deficiency |
Pica - lick urine and chew on anything Cl- perfuse vomiting acidity of blood (alkalosis) |
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too much Na |
only problem in poultry |
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Hypokalemia |
low blood K - alkalosis - slows heart |
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Hyperkalemia |
Equine Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis - Na channels leak - tremors |
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Sulfur |
ruminants die on own breath feed bacteria in ruminants |
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Iron |
microcytic anemia Vitamin C increase Toxicity - bind Zn and Cu Mynahs, toucans, black rhinos - too much Deficiency - liver stores in utero - pale coloring -labored breathing (thumps) |
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Metallothionein |
bind Zn too high Ca and Iron Deficiency of Zinc - Parakeratosis of swine - cracks in skin -friesan and huskies - scalely skin - infections -dwarfism Toxicity - ingestion of coins = hemolytic crisis = kill RBC |
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Copper |
collagen = iron deficiency fail to make black color toxicity - dark urine around swine and dairy's unable to walk in a straight line bedlington terrier - cannot secrete Swayback of lambs brain demyelinated |
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Molybdenum |
Peat scours bogs |
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Maganese |
Ruminants only silent heat abnormalities of newborn |
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Iodine |
Goiter mother fine too much in cats Progoitrins - rape, kale, cabbage, mustard foot rot in cattle too much - salivation and crying Goat = fine |
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Chromium |
Deficiency - Hyperflycemia- insulin resistance Sows Brewer's yeast |
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Fluoride |
Toxicity = aluminum smelting weakens bone stunt growth brown streaks |
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Aluminum |
binds phosphates renal failure watersheds |
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Arsenic |
melarsomine - heartworm for dogs lead smelters and copper insecticides, wood preservatives and herbicides |
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silicon |
low dietary Mg = Ruminants high Mg = cats and dogs sand |
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Vanadium |
white of egg does not stand up Poultry only |
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Cadmium |
galvanized cans as containers for feed urban sewage sludge heavy metal accumulate in kidney |
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Lead |
old barns blindness blue spots reduce Cu Eagles |
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Major Dietary antioxidants |
Selenium copper Zinc Mg |
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Selenium |
Antioxidant capability White muscle disease - calves, rabbits, horses and lambs Broilers - vitamin E overcome, breast and lower body parts pigs vit. E and Se def = necrotic liver lesions Mulberry heart disease = rounded hearts, vit. D deficiency, excess Cu Retained placenta strange hoof growth toxicity = blind and alkali |
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Vit. E |
Pigs steatosis - not enough Yellow fat disease - cats, minks and ferrets - brains - fish byproducts |
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Vit. C |
primates, guinea pig, bats, fish collagen fish - bent vertebrae |
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Vit. A |
Prohormone none in stored corn old hay Cats, mink, owl, pigs, Raptors Night blindness domed heads turtles - swollen eyelids parrots - bumble foot ligaments become calcified Hyena disease - shorten limbs Polar bear = death |
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Vit. K |
never too much blood coagulation warfarin - block mono = # sweet clover horses - blood out of nose too many antibiotics = kill bugs |
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Thiamin |
Cat 5x more Opisthotonus - arched back stare at sky heart enlarged bracken fern raw fish brain softens too much grain coccidiostat |
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Riboflavin |
mono = eye problems poultry = curled toe, hocks on the ground Equine= moon blindness (autoimmune reaction from bacteria) |
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Niacin |
black tongue prevent ketosis and fatty liver staph and yeast infections |
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Pantothenic acid |
Poultry - wheat instead of corn - fast rate of passage Pigs = goose stepping |
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Pyridoxine |
only poultry convulsions muscle twitching destroyed by cooking and freezing |
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Biotin |
cats, minks and foxes - scaly mouth and eyes raw egg white diets poor hoof growth - cattle/ horses = high grain |
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Folic acid |
Poultry macrocytic anemia slipped tendon in poultry Mg also spina bifida lambs and young ruminants |
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Choline |
dairy a week after they freshen buildup of fat in liver |
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Urolithiasis |
1. Calcium oxalate = do not acidify - blood bind Ca 2. Calcium carbonate - white powder horses and rabbits 3. Struvite - Mg 4. Urate stones - dalmation - do not acidify 5. Cystine stones- newfoundlands and labradors Slica uroliths - cattle = sand |
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Reduce stones in diets |
dilute urine feed moist to cats add salt to diet reduce Mg, Ca and oxalate |
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Cats and water intake |
Tom cats - no dry food only low ph diet Vitamin D toxicity No vit. C |
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Sheep and Goats |
slicitic type stones cut tip off Posthitis (pizzle rot) mistake as stone |
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Horses stones |
tinge of blood cut Ca 2nd acidify urine |
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Feeding the horse limiting a.a. |
Lysine |
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Fescue |
Extended prg no milk red bag thick placenta get stuck in hay |
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Toxic plants |
milkweed yew elderberry |
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Developmental orthopedic disease |
growth plate widens contracted flexor tendons at pastern |
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older horses |
Pituitary cushings hair grows long 5 to 6 inches avoid high K 15% fat |
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Laminitis |
lamellae pull away from hoof Endotoxemia - grain overload lame in one leg |
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Metabolic syndrome |
NOT hypothyroid high starch insulin sugars hyperglycemia |
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Leukoencepalomalcia |
Horses only (ruminants = fine) moldy corn blind sleepiness kill white matter in brain |
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Equine protozoal myeloencephalomyelitis |
Possum destroy brain |
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Blister beetle |
alfalfa |
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Heaves |
hypertrophied heave line allergic response to dust |
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Articular cartilage |
Glucosamine- inhibit degradative enzymes Proteoglycans- rooster combs, tracheas oral waste of time |
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152-130 mEq / L 129 - 96 mEq / L 10 mg / dl 5.7 - 3.2 mEq / L 2.4 - 1.8 mg / dl |
Na Cl Ca P Mg |
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Dog and Cat food |
Extruded Pet food = 80% weight of initial mix even with water canning destroys 1/2 of thiamine |
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Elements required on pet food label |
on product display panel - product name - designator -net weight on the information panel ingredient analysis nutritional adequacy statement feeding guidelines manufacturer distributor |
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Arachidonic acid |
cats only ( animal fat source ) |
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Hypoglycemia |
1/3 of carbs or less |
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Crude fiber in dogs |
Crude fiber below 5% |
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Fat in dogs |
minimum 8% 15-20% fat |
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Cats CHO |
below 33% otherwise- diarrhea, bloating, gas HYPERglycemia |
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Crude fiber Cats |
less than 5% |
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Fat |
minimum of 9% most closer to 30% fat include animal fat source arachidonic acid cats don't elongate FA like they should |
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Protein evaluation dogs cats |
min. 25 % cooked meat as fed min. 35% cooked meat- 50% preferred |
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Liver |
15-30% of meat bring in trace minerals, fat soluble, B vitamins and taurine too much = vit. A toxicity |
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Ovo-lactovegetarian diet |
eggs for meat except DM |
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Vegan diet |
soy protein add taurine - fats across membrane arginine L-carnitine arachidonic acid choline |
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Raisins and grapes |
toxic to dog |
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Extra Ca in diet |
Tums (limestone) Ca carbonate .5 or .75 or 1 g |
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Vitamin and minerals homemade diet |
dog = 1 adult multivitamin - higher metabolism
Cat= 1/2 |
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homemade diet salts |
get iodined salt for dogs not for cats = hyperthyroidism - too much iodine |
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Vit. B |
made in colon |
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Lower number for large breed dogs |
prevent DOD |
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Food allergies |
repeated exposure of food
Dermatolgic reaction - skin reaction - blister, hives raised area, itchey tips of ears Bilateral lesions cats- miliary dermatitis - tiny bumps under skin vomiting and diarrhea not likely (watery and mucousy) hint |
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Pigs pasture going in circles running into things |
Copper deficient- brain cannot develop normally Lead toxicity - old battery, paint, tractor parts, paint chips Seleinum - over inject |
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Water turned off |
water intoxication - flood into brain cause swelling |
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Gluten intolerance ? |
not well digested - GI tract cross link with epithelial cells inflammatory response - attack normal proteins on cell = diarrhea NOT COMMON not in corn, beans, rice |
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Bad reaction to food not allergy |
fish - Vasoactive amines - spoiled fish milk lactose 20 ml milk / kg BWT with no problems |
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Obesity |
type 2 - not reacting to insulin - Pancreas fatigue insulin dependent Hepatic lipidosis - off feed often fatal - send to liver goes off feed for 3 days with new food bladder cancer |
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Weight reduction |
what the dog or cat should get, increase fiber and crude protein - increase fecal volume |
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Orthopedic Disease |
hip dsyplesha - ad lib feeding mostly genetic excessive dietary Ca high energy - proliferation of chondrocytes - microtears -> necrotic cartilage |
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Pig too much Ca |
zinc def. |
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parakarotosis |
zinc deficiency in pigs (not cats Liver) |
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Biotin |
scaly skin, reddened, raw egg whites |
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Vitamin A toxicity |
bones- funky - tendons - spinal column (not uncommon in cats) |
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Flintstone vitamin |
2 weeks flaccid paralysis Thiamin def. - heat destroy (high req ) |
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Bullhead |
60% raw fish thiamin def thimanase unless you cook |
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Stenosis |
inflamed adipose tissue - lumps in abdomen - yellow tinge scalera - Vit. E def too much unsaturated fat |
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Taurine |
Cardiomyopathy Cardiac disease Liver not found in m. |
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Carnitine |
boxers - cardiomyopathy |
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Cardiac disease |
lower sodium diet - Dogs not effective kick Mg up increase energy - thin = cachexia early stages = overweight - calories restricted |
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Diarrhea |
food allergies German Shepard - pancreatic enzymes easy to digest |
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Flaxseed |
Omega 3 keep kidney going plant sources omega 6 make worse |
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Hairball supplements |
mineral oil (not vegetable oil absorbed too easily) Petroleum jelly on front paw |
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Skin disorders |
omega 3 and omega 6 increase zinc and copper (not like ruminants) increase vit. E - no problem with going over and A supplementation |
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Vitamin A |
skin looks rough metaplasa |
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Endurance athletes |
lower Carb than normal more fat gain 4 to 5 pds of body fat push antioxidants - extra vit. E |
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Sprint athletes |
Lot of carbs cannot endure long time |
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Hunting dog |
exercise at least 6 weeks before feed 4 or more hours prior to hunt - let glucose and insulin - calm down |
