Nursing Research

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What is epistemology?

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Theory of knowledge; the branch of philosophy that investigates how people know what they know.

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Constructiveness

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Truth is determined by the individual or cultural group;
Qualitative perspective.

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Positivist

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Truth is sought via replicable observation.

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Positivist Paradigm

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Objectivism; real reality, driven by natural laws, context minimized> surroundings are minimized in importance, aims to describe,predict, explain and control. Is the neutral observer

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Constructivist Paradigm

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Subjectivism; multiple realities, influenced by cuture and environment; context is emphasized; aims to describe, understand, transform a situation; ACTIVE PARTICIPANT

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Qualitative Research is?

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The study of research questions about human experiences. Often conducted in natural settings, and uses data that are words or text, rather than numerical.

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What is the purpose of Qualitative Research Methods?

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-guide nursing practice
-contribute to instrument developement
-build nursing theory

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Key methods to Qualitative research?

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-ethnography
-grounded theory
-phenomenology
-case studies
-historiography
-participatory action research

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What is Enthnography?

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A research approach designed to produce cultural theory.

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Goal of the ethnographer?

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To understand natives' view of the world.

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In phenomenological research, researchers must acknowledge any previous information, ideas, or beliefs about a particular phenomenon before proceeding with the study. This is referred to as?

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Bracketing

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Data is collected in a phenomenological (subjective) study through a variety of techniques, which include?

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Observation, descriptions written by subjects, and unstructured interviews.

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The researcher provides information regarding decision-making during the steps of data analysis to interpretation of findings. this meets the criteria of?

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Auditability

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Which group of social scientists has the greatest interest and commitment to discovery of cultural knowledge?

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Anthropologists

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Observations recorded about the people, places and things that are part of the ethnographer's study of a culture are referred to as?

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Field Notes

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the phrase "researcher as instrument" is a fundamental characteristic of ethnography. This refers to?

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the researcher's becoming immersed in direct observation and learning from members of cultural groups.

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Data gathered in grounded theory research using field techniques, observational methods, and documents are examined and analyzed through a system referred to as?

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Constant comparative method

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The qualitative design used to study social processes and social structures and to develop theory:

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Grounded Theory

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voice of the perspective of members of a group:

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Emic

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The qualitative desing used to study the lived experiences of humans:

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Phenomenology

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Random assignment controls for?

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Selection bias

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Another name for study weaknesses is?

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Limitations

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The threat to internal validity that is most difficult to control is?

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Mortality

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A nurse researchers is conducting a 6 week experiment to help a group of subjects control their smoking. During the study, a report appears in the media about a celebrity who has died of lung cancer. What threat to validity is quite likely present in this study?

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History

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The degree to which the study results can be applied to the larger popluation refers to :

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External validity

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Which type of design controls for the reactive effects of the pretest?

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Solomon four-group.

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What threat to internal validity is controlled when a researcher completes an experiment in a relatively short period to minimize developmental changes?

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Maturation

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What threat to interanl validity is controlled when a researcher uses reliable and valid assessment tools or scales for rating or scoring to avoid bias?

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Instrumentation

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A true experiment requires all of the following except?

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double-blind procedures

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Which of the following must be present in quasi-experimental research?

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Manipulation of a variable

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What is Etic view?

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Researcher's interpretation of views about the human social life in a social science perspective.

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What is Emic view?

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Views of the participants or members of the social group.

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What is Grounded Theory?

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Theory that is constructed inductively from a base of observations of the world as it is lived by a selected group of people.

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Grounded theory method

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Is a research approach that uses a systemic set of procedures to arrive at a theory about basic social processes.

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Modifiability

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ability to change theory in light of new data.

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Phenomenology

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a research approach that aims to describe experience as it is lived. A research method aimed at obtaining a description of an experience as it is lived in order to understand the meaning that experience for those who have it.

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Phenomenology: Essence of Method

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Description of the individual's lived experience.

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Foundation of Phenomenology

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Philosophy

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Historical Method

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The systematic compilation of data and the critical presentation, evaluation and interpretation of facts regarding people, events, and occurences of the past

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Sample Size=Data saturation

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How comprehensively and completely the research question(s) were answered.