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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the descriptive statistics to summarize data ? |
for nominal and ordinal -> freqeuncy / percentage for internval and ratio -> mean and SD |
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what are the threat to internal validity in quantiative study ? |
History Maturation Mortality selection bias testing |
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what stat test ? |
both nominal -> chi square both interval -> pearson correlation One interval and one nominal with less than 2 level-> test more than 3 ANOVA |
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what classify as experiemental |
IV manipulation control group random allocation |
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what are the different quantative design |
-True -> RCT -Quasi - Non eq pre-test and post test - |
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what are the different factors that affect external validity |
hawtorn -> observe change result reactive effect to pretest experiemnter effect |
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what are different ways that could affect reliability in quantitative |
equivalence - different instrument measure the same thing internal consistency -> crohnback more than 0.7 |
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What is content validity |
is the test really assessing the area of which its trying to investigating. |
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what is criteron validity ? |
How related are the measurement and the outcome ? Concurrent -> how valid it is to measure current outcome ? how valid is it to measure future ? |
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what is construct validity ? |
iS the measurement assessing the consturct scieitnst trying to assess . |
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What is equavlience ? |
are the instrcutment measuring the same thing |
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what is internal consistency ? |
are the set of question asking the same thing |
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what is the consistency ? |
test- retest reliaiblity |
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what is true experimental desgin |
RCT with direct manipulation of IV random allocation control group |
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What is a quasi experiement |
Have control but no randomness in control and experiemental non-equalviemnt pretest post test |
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what are the 4 ways to strengthen rigorness of qualiative study
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credibility transferbility confirmbility dependiblity |
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How can you improve credibility ?
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tranigulation of data member checking peer review prolonged engagment |
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How to imrpvoe transferiblity ? |
having thick description |
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How to improve confirmbility ? |
audit trail , RJ , independent checking for bias |
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how to improve dependbility |
stepwise replication having two researchers inquiry audit |
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What are the two key goals of sampling |
representivity and presion |
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What is sampling bais |
error in recruiting test subjects with charactericis that is related to research question.
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what are different probility sampling ? and briefly explain them |
systematic sampling - select case on every nth case strata sampling - select subject base on proportion of populatio characteristics random sampling - randomly select from accessible population |
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what are the different non-probility sampling ? |
Convenicene sampling ( consective and snowball) quota ( strata) purposive sampling |
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How do you improve the precision of your study ? |
increasing the sample size |
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what are different ways of data collection method in quanatitive research |
biological marker self - report observation |
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what does operationalization means |
convert constrcut into quantifible data |
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what are three different ways in response set bias |
extreme awnser acquience - no matter content anwser one thing social desirebility |
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what is the different between reliaiblity and validity ? |
validity - is the test measuring what it intend to assess reliabiliyt - consistency in capturing true data . |
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what are the three aspect that affect the reliability ? |
stabliity - consistencey of ur data internal consistency - are measurement testing the same thing equalivence - reliaiblity of two intructment |
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how do evaluate the stabliity of data ? |
Correlation co-efficient (test retest reliability) > than 0.8 |
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How do you evaluate the internal consistency of your data |
greater or equal to 0.7 in cronhasbacs alpha |
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how do you evaluate the equavlaience of data |
inter-rater reliaiblity |
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what are three aspect of measuring validity |
criteron validity - is your outcome consistent with your test -concurrent -> ablility to test on current outcome , predicitve construct - test valid to the underlying theory or contrcut content - testing measuring what it intend to measure -> hypotesis testing |
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what univariate statistic would you use to summarize data ? |
for norminal and ordinal -> frequney for interval and ratio -> mean and S.D |
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How would your form hypothesis |
alternative hypothesis -> declartive to your research question Null hypothesis - opposite to your alternative |
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What is the process in test statistics |
see significant level , reject null hypothesis base on level . if smaller than 0.05 than reject null |
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what is the differnece between type 1 and type 2 error |
type one is when you reject null when it is true type 2 is not rejecting null when it is false |
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what is the difference between research question and problem statment |
problem statement has 6 compoents that list out current gap in knowledge , background , scope of problem , problem indentifcation , cost and proposed solution . research question is the short inquiry question that address problem estblsihed in problem statment |
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what is the difference between qualative and quantative research paradrigm ? |
quanatiive is positive paragim where it blieve there is a natural law govern sceintific pheonmon . true objectivity can exist qualiative focus interepatives -> realities esblishe by interpretration of realities |
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how does utilization of hypothesis differes between quantitative and qualitative |
quanativie focus testing the hypothesis qualitiative focus on induction of hypotheis base on result |
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what are the characteristics of qualitative inquiry |
Design - seek holistics interpreation and emergent & flexible desgin . cause and effect not enough to cover data immersion - become instrument to research Develop model and theory -> discovery |
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What is descriptive /naturalistic study |
surface descriptiion of phenomena that usually aims to provide descriptive summary in their natural setting |
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what is Phenomenology ? |
design that aim to study indivudial lived epxerience and how they interpret and express them . require small group but provide indepth interview and progloned engagment |
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what is Ethnography |
to understand culture , their persepctive and practise of people within the culture . usually by observation or focus group |
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what is grounded theory |
Develop theory or model as pattern emerg from data |
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what is theoratical sampling |
ermgent sampling method where purposive or conevnience gradually change to accomodate to the need of research |
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what is the recommended minimum for qualaitve research |
20-30 |
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what is data saturation ? |
where no new information can emerge from addition particiapnts and smapling |
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what is unstructed interview |
no pre-determined idea or topic as to how the interview will be carried out allow conversation to flow freely -> very rich sources of data and more useful for complex phenomena. but costly and time consuming |
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what is semi strcuture interview |
the question asked are open ended but there is a pre-determined set of topic and framework that interview will follow -> follow up to probe for more in depth |
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how would you record observation ? |
DO not rely memory , need systematic daily recording -> field note descriptive and reflective |
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what is authenicity |
how balanced is your representation of the study data |
