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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bony structures that increase the surface area of mucous
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turbinates
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these warm, humidify, and clean the air we breathe
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mucous membranes
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the little flap that closes when we swallow so we don't aspirate
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epiglottis
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fine hairs that filter the corsest matter from inhaled air
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cilia
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where is the top or apex of the lung
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above the clavicle
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how many lobes does the right lung have?
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3
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how many lobes does the left lung have?
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2
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what is the functional unit of the lung
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alveoli
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this is a lipoprotein that keeps the alveoli inflated
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surfactant
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this is a thin double walled membrane that covers the lung
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pleura
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this is the closest pleura to the lung
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visceral pleura
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this covers the virsceral pleura and is attached to the skeleton?
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pariteal pleura
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pus around the lungs
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empyema
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what is the only artery in the body that carriers unoxygenated blood in the heart
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pulmonary artery
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what is the only vein in the body that carries oxygenated blood
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pulmonary vein
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what is the primary function of the respiratory system?
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exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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what is it called when the oxygenated blood is dropped off at the cellular level?
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internal respiration
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what is it called when CO2 is dropped off at the alveoli?
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external respiration
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What is the secondary function of the respiratory system?
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protection
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what are some of the features in the respiratory system that protects
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nasal hair
nasal turbinates-increases surface area of mucous sneeze and cough-expell -lymph tissue-tonsils and adenoids-immunity epiglottis-maintains airway patency mucous blanket-traps allergens cilia-moves particles up to be expelled |
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What is the movement of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli?
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pulmonary ventilation
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What is O2 and CO2 between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries and is also external respiration?
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diffusion of gases
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What is the process via the blood to and from tissue cells?
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transport of CO2 and O2
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How long does inspiration last?
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1-1.5 seconds and is an active process
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How long does exhalation last?
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2-3 seconds and is a passive process
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what is normal breathing called?
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eupnea
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What help cleans airways?
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cilia, mucous, cough, all cilia is pointed toward the pharynx
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What is the mechanical process of ventilation that is the result of volume and pressure changes in the chest cavity, or thorax?
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pulmonary ventilation
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What is the main muscle in the mechanics of breathing?
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diaphram
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What do the visceral and parietal pleura do?
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keep the lungs inflated
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during the inspiratory phase of respiration air passes through the nose (warm, moistens and filters air) the pharynx. larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
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info
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the movement of gases or other particles from an area of greater pressure or concentration to an area of lower pressure or concentration
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diffusion
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What are some factors influencing the diffusion of gases?
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-thickness of the membrane
-surface area of the membrane -diffusion coefficient of the gases -pressure differences on each side of the membrane |
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What is it called when O2 is carried on RBC?
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oxyhemoglobin
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What is it called after it dumps it's O2
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Reduced hemoglobin
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the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one min (5L/min)
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Cardiac output
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What are some factors influencing the transport of gases
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number of erythrocytes
blood hematocrit |
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What are some s/s of anemia
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-SOB
-daytime tiredness |
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CO2 + Hgb
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carboxyhenmoglobin
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CO@ + H ions
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carbonic acid (acid base in blood)
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CO2 +H2O
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bicarbonate (acid base in blood
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What regulates the rhythm of breathing?
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medulla
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What regulates how much we breathe in and out
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pons
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Where are some of the chemorectors located at?
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carotid, aortic arch, and brain
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What plays the primary role in frequency and depth of respiration?
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CO2
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Why does altitude affect respiratory function?
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thinner air
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Why does temperature affect respiratory function?
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heat causes dilation, makes the heart work harder
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Why does air pollution affect resp function?
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allergies cause irritation of the resp system
increase in air pollution has caused an increase of asthma (incidents and severity) increased mucous production inflammation |
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How do emotions affect resp function?
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hyperventilation is a response to stress
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can not breathe laying down
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orthonea
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a condition of insufficient O2 anywhere in the body from inspired gas to the tissues
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hypoxia
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blueish discoloring of the lips, fingers, and gums
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cyanosis
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this leads to clubbing of fingers
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chronic hypoxia
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s/s of mild hypoxia
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h/a, increased confusion, longer to respond
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s/s of moderate hypoxia
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-tunnel vision or blurred
-coordination difficulty -reaction time slowed -can be emotional (hysterical) |
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s/s of severe hypoxia
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blinded
lose ability to speak paralyzed out of body experience |
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s/p extreme hypoxia
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failure of brain stem
irreversible brain damage death |
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What is shortness of breath called?
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dyspnea
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What is the breathing pattern that is 15-20/min and regular?
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eupnea
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What is the breathing pattern:
greater than 20/min and regular |
tachypnea
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What is the breathing pattern:
less than 12/min and regular |
bradypnea
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What is the breathing pattern:
increased movement of air into and out of the lungs |
hyperventilation
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what is the breathing pattern:
slow, shallow, regular breathing |
hypoventilation
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a decrease in diameter of airways
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obstruction
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What are some causes of obstruction?
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-foreign body
-mucous -abnormal growth -tongue -aspiration -allergic reaction |
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What is the breath sound:
parcile obstruction, cough will clear |
ronchi
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what is the breath sound:
harsh, shrill sound |
stridor
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What is the breath sound:
a musical sound caused by narrowing of the airways. can be on inhalation, exhalation or both |
wheezing
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What is the pattern:
increased depth of respiration |
hyperpnea
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What is the pattern:
increased rate and depth, a panting, labored kind of respiration. Seen in metabolic and ketoacidosis |
kussmaul's
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What is the pattern:
shallow breathing interrupted by cycles of apnea. seen in CNS disorders |
Biot's
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What is the breath sound:
a short, discrete, interrupted bubbling sound that is most commonly heard on inspiration and indicates the presence of fluid in the lungs. May be caused by pneumonia, COPD, CHF, pulmonary edema |
crackles
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specialized breathing tests that measures lung capacities, volumes, and flow rates of air through the airways
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PFT (pulmonary function test)
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measures air outflow from the lungs
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peak flow meter
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suctioning goes through the nose, and extends to the soft palate
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nasopharyngeal
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suctioning extends through the mouth, from the soft palate to just above the larynx and includes the tonsils
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oropharyngeal
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deep suctioning to remove secretions fro the trachea and bronchi
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endotracheal suctioning
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a collection of air in the pleural space
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pneumothorax
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a collection of blood or fluid in the pleural space
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hemothorax
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