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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
respiratory system's primary role
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to bring oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream and to remove the gaseous waste by-product, carbon dioxide.
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respiratory system consists of the following major components:
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• Two lungs, the vital organs of the respiratory system
• Upper and lower airways that conduct gas in and out of the system • Terminal air sacs called alveoli surrounded by a network of capillaries that provide for gas exchange • A thoracic cage that houses, protects, and facilitates function for the system • Muscles of breathing that include the main muscle, the diaphragm, and accessory muscles |
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the bulk movement of the air in and out of the lungs.
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ventilation
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the gas exchange process, in which oxygen is added to the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.
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respiration
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Since the gas exchange in the lungs occurs between the blood and the air in the external atmosphere, it is more precisely called...
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external respiration
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The oxygenated blood is transported internally via the cardiovascular system to the cells and tissues, where gas exchange is now termed...
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internal respiration
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the respiratory system is a series of branching tubes called ___ and ___
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bronchi and bronchioles
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bronchi and bronchioles transport the atmospheric gas deep within our lungs to the small air sacs called...
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alveoli
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___ represent the terminal end of the respiratory system.
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alveoli
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Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of small blood vessels called
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capillaries
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combination of the alveolus and the capillary is called the...
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alveolar-capillary membrane (respiratory membrane)
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The upper airways begin at the two openings of the nose, called ___ or ___, and end at the vocal cords
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nostrils or nares
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The functions of the upper airway include:
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• Heating or cooling inspired (inhaled) gases to body temperature (37 degrees Celsius)
• Filtering particles from the inspired gases • Humidifying inspired gases to a relative humidity of 100% • Providing for the sense of smell, or olfaction • Producing sounds, or phonation • Ventilating, or conducting, the gas down to the lower airways |
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the space behind the nose
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nasal cavity
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nasal cavity consists of three main regions:
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vestibular, olfactory, and respiratory
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The two nasal cavities are separated by a wall called the...
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septal cartilage, or nasal septum
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located inside the nostrils and contains the coarse nasal hairs that act as the first line of defense for the respiratory system
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vestibular region
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the coarse nasal hairs are called...
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vibrissae
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strategically placed on the roof of the nasal cavity
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olfactory region
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respiratory region possesses three scroll-like bones known as...
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turbinates, or conchae
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occurs when I trigger the nasal mucosa to secrete excessive mucus, causing the infa¬ mous runny nose
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Allergic rhinitis
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non-cancerous growths within the nasal cavity
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Nasal polyps
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Cells in the epithelial layer (or respiratory mucosa) are called ___ ___ ___ ___, and are found not only in the respiratory region of the nose but throughout most of the airways.
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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a single layer of tall, column-like cells with nuclei located at different heights, giving the false appearance of two or more layers of cells when in fact there is only one—hence the term pseudostrati' fied columnar.
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epithelium
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on top of the sol layer; as its name suggests, it is more viscous or gelatinous in nature
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gel layer
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traps small particles, such as dust or pathogens, on the mucus blanket, much like fly paper.
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gel layer
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Technically we are all airheads because the skull contains air-filled cavities (commonly called ___) that connect with the nasal cavity via small ducts (passageways).
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sinuses
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Because these sinuses are located around the nose, they are called...
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paranasal sinuses
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a hollow, muscular structure, about 2 1/2" long, lined with epithelial tissues. It serves as a common passageway for both air and food.
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pharynx (the throat)
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The pharynx begins behind the nasal cavities and is divided into the following three sections:
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• nasopharynx
• oropharynx • laryngopharynx |
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the uppermost section of the pharynx and begins right behind the nasal cavities
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nasopharynx
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nasopharynx also contains lymphatic tissue of the immune system, called the ___ and passageways to the middle ear called___
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adenoids
Eustachian tubes |
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located right behind the oral or buccal cavity and conducts not only atmospheric gas but also food and liquid.
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oropharynx
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Air breathed through both the nose and the mouth passes through the ___, as does anything that is swallowed
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oropharynx
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The oral entrance is a strategic area to place "guardians" for the immune system because this is where pathogens can easily enter the body. Lymphoid tissue such as the ___ ___ are located in this area. Another set of tonsils, ___ ___, are found at the back of the tongue.
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palatine tonsils
the lingual tonsils |
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the lowermost portion of the pharynx; an older term for it was the hypopharynx because of its position.
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laryngopharynx
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Swallowed materials pass through the ___ to get to the stomach, and air travels through the larynx and then the trachea on its way to the lungs.
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esophagus
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located in the neck, is a triangular chamber below the laryngopharynx that houses the important structures needed for speech.
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larynx
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a semi-rigid structure composed of cartilage fibrous plates connected by muscles and ligaments that provide for movement of the vocal cords to control speech.
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larynx
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The "___ ___" is the largest of the cartilages found in the larynx and is more prominent in males than females.
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"Adam's apple"
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"Adam's apple" is also anatomically known as the ___ ___, beneath which is the ___ ___.
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thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage |
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The space between the vocal cords is called the ___ ___, or simply the ___.
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rima glottis
glottis |
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the opening that leads into the larynx and eventually the lungs.
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glottis
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There is a leaf-shaped, flap-like fibrocartilage, located above the glottis, called the ___.
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epiglottis
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The ___ closes over the opening to the larynx when you swallow and opens up when you breathe, as part of swallowing reflex. This selective closure is called the ___ or ___ mechanism.
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epiglottis
glottic or sphincter |
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the area of division between the upper and lower airways, representing the point of transition to the lower airways
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vocal cords
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familiar to everyone and is caused by over 200 different strains of viruses.
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common cold
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an infection of the sinus cavities by viruses or bacteria with subsequent inflammation of the mucous membrane linings
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Sinusitis
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causes the tonsils to swell and become painful, especially when swallowing. If severe, a tonsillectomy may be needed
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Tonsillitis
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___ (sore throat) can cause discomfort, especially when swallowing.
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Pharyngitis
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caused by the streptococcus bacteria, and causes a red, purulent (forming pus), and painful throat
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Strep throat
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___, or an inflamed voice box, is characterized by hoarseness and loss of speech
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Laryngitis
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an airway emergency in which the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae type B (often abbreviated H. influenzae type B or Hib) causes acute swelling of the epiglottis and airway obstruction
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Acute epiglottitis
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is different from epiglottitis but also results from an infection of the laryngeal area. It too can cause airway obstruction and is characterized by noisy breathing, especially on inspiration
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Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)
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a condition in which breathing stops during sleep
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Sleep apnea
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most commonly caused by soft tissue at the back of the throat relaxing and blocking the airway
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Sleep apnea
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the four D's that are signs of epiglottitis
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respiratory distress
drooling dysphagia dysphonia |
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Upon leaving the vocal cords in the larynx, the inspired air enters the ___, also known as the windpipe, a 4 1/2" long tube lined with ciliated mucous membrane.
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trachea
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Once the trachea reaches the center of the chest, it begins its first branching, or bifurcation, into two bronchi (bronchus is the singular form), ___ and ___.
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the right mainstem and the left mainstem
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The site of bifurcation is called the...
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carina
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The mainstem bronchi are sometimes also referred to as...
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the primary bronchi
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Each lung lobe is further divided into specific segments, and the next branching of bronchi are called the...
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segmental bronchi
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The branching becomes more numerous with tiny ___ ___ that branch deep within each lung segment.
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subsegmental bronchi
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the very tiny airways called ___ that average only 1 millimeter in diameter. They have no cartilage layer, and the epithelial lining becomes ciliated cuboidal cells
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bronchioles
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The ___ ___, which have an average diameter of .5 millimeters, no goblet cells, no cartilage, no cilia, and no submucosal glands, mark the end of the conducting areas.
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terminal bronchioles
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The next airway beyond the terminal bronchiole is called the ___ ___ because a small portion of gas exchange takes place here.
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respiratory bronchiole
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The epithelial lining consists of simple cuboidal cells interspersed with actual alveoli-type cells, which are flat, pancake-like cells called ___ ___ ___.
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simple squamous pneumocytes
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The alveolar ducts give way to the grape bunch-like structures of several connected alveoli, better known as the ___ ___.
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alveolar sacs
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The alveoli are the terminal air sacs that are surrounded by numerous pul¬ monary capillaries and together make up the functional unit of the lung known as the ___ ___ ___
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alveolar capillary membrane
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The average number of alveoli in an adult lung ranges from ___ to ___
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300 million to 600 million.
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Upon closer inspection of the alveolar capillary membrane, you will see four distinct components. The first layer is the liquid ___ layer that lines the alveoli. This phospholipid helps lower the surface tension in these very tiny spheres (alveoli) that would otherwise collapse due to the high surface tension.
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surfactant
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The second component is the actual tissue layer, or ___ ___, comprised of simple squamous cells of two types.
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alveolar epithelium
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The main type (95 percent) comprising the alveolar surface is a flat, pancake-like cell called a ___ ___or Type I cell.
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squamous pneumocyte
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The alve¬ oli also need to produce the valuable surfactant, and this is where the plump Type II, or ___ ___, come in.
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granular pneumocytes
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The "clean-up" cells called Type III cells or ___ ___, ingest foreign particles as the macrophages wander throughout the alveoli.
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wandering macrophages
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The third component of the alveolar capillary membrane is the ___ ___. This is the area that separates the basement membrane of alveolar epithelium from the basement membrane of the capillary endothelium and contains interstitial fluid.
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interstitial space
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The fourth component is the ___ ___ that forms the wall of the capillary. The capillary contains the blood with the red blood cells that carry the precious gas cargo to its destination.
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capillary endothelium (also known as the simple squamous epithelium)
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Lung function can be measured in terms of volumes and flows using ___ ___ ___
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pulmonary function testing (PFTs)
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Your body a n attempt to respond to low hemoglobin levels by producing more red olood cells by a process called...
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erythropoiesis
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I he kidneys release into the bloodstream a hormone called ___. This substance travels through the blood and eventually reaches specialized cells found in the red bone marrow.
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erythropoietin
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Your ___ ___ ___ is what you can breathe in beyond a normal inspiration.
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inspiratory reserve volume
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your ___ ___ ___ is what you can exhale beyond a normal exhalation.
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expiratory reserve volume
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You can never totally exhale all of the air out of your lungs; your ___ ___ prevents total lung collapse.
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residual volume (RV)
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the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration
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Function residual capacity (FRC)
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the maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the respiratory system in a single respiratory cycle
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Vital capacity (VC)
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Besides volumes and capacities, we can also measure the ___ ___ coming out of the lung at various points during a forced (maximum patient effort) vital capacity (FVC).
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flow rates
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Normally one can exhale __% to __% of their FVC in one second. However, someone with an obstructive disease would take longer to exhale and get less than __% of their total FVC out in one second and therefore have a reduced FEV,.
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75-85%
70% |
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we can measure the ___ ___ ___ in one second (FEV) and ___ ___ flow rate (PEFR).
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forced expiratory volume
peak expiratory |
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the maximum flow rate or speed of air a person can rapidly expel after taking the deepest possible breath.
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Peak Expiratory Flow Rate or PEFR
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commonly found in the hospital setting, is a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are either partially or totally collapsed.
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Atelectasis
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can occur in patients who cannot or will not take deep breaths to fully expand the lungs, stimulate surfactant production, and keep the air passageways open.
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Atelectasis
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Quite often, if atelectasis is not corrected and secretions are retained, ___ can develop within 72 hours.
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pneumonia
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a lung infection that can be caused by a virus, fungus, bacterium, aspiration, or chemical inhalation. Inflammation occurs in the infected areas, with an accumulation of cell debris and thick fluid in the alveoli.
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Pneumonia
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a bacterial infection that has seen a recent rise in occurrence and thrives in areas of the body that have high oxygen content such as in the lungs.
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Tuberculosis
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A healthy immune system can destroy tuberculosis bacteria, or encase the bacteria in lump-like structures called...
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tubercles
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a general term used to describe abnormal pulmonary conditions associated with cough, sputum production, dyspnea, airflow obstruction, and impaired gas exchange. It is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States.
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Obstructive pulmonary disease
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a group of diseases in which patients have difficulty getting all the air out of their lungs and often have large amounts of secretions and lung damage.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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is distinguished by having reversible airway narrowing and airway hyperreactivity; and is most commonly characterized as an inflammatory process.
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Asthma
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is characterized anatomically as the permanent, abnormal enlargement of distal airway spaces and destruction of the alveolar walls.
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Emphysema
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is associated with a productive cough, enlargement of mucous glands, and hypertrophy of the airway smooth muscle.
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Chronic bronchitis
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a chronic inflammatory illness of the airways affecting nearly 20 million people in the United States (that's about 3.5% of the population), including 6.2 million children.
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Asthma
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Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood and younger adults, with about __% of cases developing before the age of 45.
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80%
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the airways of the lungs constrict often in reaction to an allergy.
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bronchospasm
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inability to get air out of the lungs is known as ___ ___.
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gas trapping
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Persons with asthma develop bronchospasm on exposure to specific sensitizing substances usually described as "___."
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triggers
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Common triggers of asthma include:
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allergens
inhalants viruses cold air and exercise |
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a nonreversible lung condition in which the alveolar air sacs are destroyed and the lung itself becomes "floppy" much like a balloon that has been inflated and deflated many times.
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Emphysema
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The work of breathing for the severely emphysemic patient expends energy similar to the energy spent ___.
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jogging
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About __ million persons in the United States are estimated to have emphysema.
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two
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a glycoprotein that is essential in protecting the lungs against naturally occurring proteases that have the ability to destroy lung tissue.
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alpha-antitrypsin (a,-AT)
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lung disease in which there are inflamed airways and large amounts of sputum produced. As inflammation occurs, the airways swell and the inner diameter of the airways get smaller.
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Chronic bronchitis
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more common than emphysema, with a prevalence of over 9 million persons in the U.S.
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Chronic bronchitis
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Cigarette smoking is the major causative factor in up to __% of cases of chronic bronchitis
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90%
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The lungs reside in the thoracic cavity and are separated by a region called the ___, which contains the esophagus, heart, great vessels (superior and inferior vena cava and aorta), and trachea
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mediastinum
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each lung is wrapped in a sac, or serous membrane called the ___ ___.
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visceral pleura
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The thoracic cavity and the upper side of the diaphragm are lined with a continuation of the viceral pleura membrane called the ___ ___.
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parietal pleura
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Between these two pleural layers is an intrapleural space (pleural cavity) that contains a slippery liquid called...
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pleural fluid
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greatly reduces the friction as an individual breathes
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pleural fluid.
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a condition in which there is air inside the thoracic cavity and outside of the lungs.
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pneumothorax
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a condition in which there is an excessive build-up of fluid in the pleural space between the parietal and the visceral pleura.
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pleural effusion
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the rounded peak of the lung.
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apex
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The medial surface of the lung has a deep, concave cavity that contains the heart and therefore is called the...
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cardiac impression
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the area where the root of each lung is attached.
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The hilum
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The lungs, heart, and great vessels are all protected by the...
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bony thorax
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The control center that tells us to breathe is located in the brain in an area known as the...
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medulla oblongata
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The ease by which ventilation occurs is referred to as...
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compliance
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___ ___ means that it is more difficult to expand the lungs, whereas ___ ___ means that less effort is required to expand the lungs.
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Low compliance
high compliance |
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A developing newborn has a breathing rate of __ to __ breaths/minute. This slows to __ to __breaths/minute in adulthood.
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40-60
14-20 |
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during increased physical activity or in disease states in which more oxygen is required, ___ ___ are used to help pull up your rib cage to make an even larger space in the thoracic cavity.
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accessory muscles
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Cause not known but bnked to smoking and inhalation of carcinogens.
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Bronchogenic Carcinoma (lung cancer)
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Although ___ is often not thought of as a drug, it is the major drug used in treating respiratory diseases as well as cardiac disease.
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oxygen
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