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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 3 functions of the respiratory system?
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1-gas exchange
2-speech 3-controls body pH |
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Which 2 structures are part of the upper respiratory system?
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1. nose
2. pharynx |
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Which structures are part of the lower respiratory system?
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1. larynx
2. trachea 3. bronchi 4. bronchioles 5. lungs 6. thorax |
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What structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
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the nasal septum
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where are the external nares located?
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at the opening to the nose
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Where are the internal nares located?
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at the passageway from the nose to the throat
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what is the function of the nose?
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Warms, moistens and filters air that you breath in and smells
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What is the anatomical name for the throat?
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Pharynx
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From where to where does the pharynx extend?
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from the base of the skull to the esophagus
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What 3 regions is the pharynx divided into?
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1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx |
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Explain where the nasopharynx is located
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it's part of the pharynx tube behind the nasal cavity and it extends from the posterior nares to the level of the soft palate
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Explain where the oropharynx is located
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it's part of the tube behind the oral cavity that extends from the soft palate to the hyoid bone.
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Explain where the laryngopharynx is located
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it's part of the pharynx tube that extends from the hyoid bone to the esophagus
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give the 5 passageways in and out of the pharynx
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1. posterior nares
2. fauces--mouth to throat 3. into larynx 4. into esophagus 5. estachian (auditory) tubes |
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What are estachian tubes?
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tiny tubes between the middle ear and nasopharynx whose function is to permit equalization of pressure in front and behind ear drum
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Which structure holds the tonsils?
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the pharynx
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Give 3 functions of the Pharynx
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1. common passageway for respiratory and digestive system
2. warm, moisten, and filter air the your breathe. 3. phonation |
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Define Phonation
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Formation of sounds for words
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What is the anatomical name for your voice box?
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the larynx
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Where is the larynx located?
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between the roof of the tongue and the trachea or between C3 and C6 vertebrae
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which 9 pieces of cartilage hold the larynx together? Which shape do they make?
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thyroid cartilage, epiglottis cartilage, cricoid cartilage, 2 arytenoid, 2 cuneiform, 2 corniculate;Triangular shape
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What is the largest piece of cartilage that produces the triangular shape in the larynx?
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Thyroid cartilage
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What produces the "adam's apple"?
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thyroid cartilage in males is larger
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What is the structure that closes when you swallow so that you don't choke but opens when you breathe?
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Epiglottis cartilage
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What is the most inferior piece of cartilage that attaches to the trachea in the larynx?
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cricoid cartilage
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What are the 3 paired cartilages in the larynx?
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1. arytenoid
2. cuneiform 3. corniculate |
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What are the 2 pairs of folds that form the ciliated mucous membrane of the larynx?
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1. vestibular or false vocal chords
2. true vocal chords |
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What are the true vocal chords?
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the lower pair of folds in the larynx
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what are the false vocal chords?
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vestibular folds. upper pair of folds in larynx
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Which vocal chords produce the sound waves?
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the true vocal chords
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What is the space called that is between the vocal folds?
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the Rima Glottis
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Define the Glottis
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the true vocal chords plus the rima glottis
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What are the 2 groups of skeletal muscles in the Larynx?
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1. intrinsic
2. extrinsic |
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What is the function of the intrinsic skeletal muscles in the wall of the larynx?
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1. control tension and length of the vocal chords
2. open and close the glottis. |
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What is the function of the skeletal muscle (both intrinsic and extrinsic) in the wall of the larynx?
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Both have a role in swallowing and vocalization
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What is the function of the extrinsic skeletal muscles in the wall of the larynx?
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1. to produce sound waves that we use for speech
2. to warm, moisten, and filter incoming air. |
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From where does the trachea extend to and from?
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from the larynx to the primary bronchi
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What structure sits on top of the esophagus and is slightly flattened>
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the trachea
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What is the anatomical name for the wind pipe?
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the trachea
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What four layers make up the wall of the trachea?
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1. mucous membrane layer
2. sub-mucous membrane layer 3. hyaline cartilage 4. connective tissue |
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What prevents the trachea from collapsing?
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the 20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings.
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What is the function of the trachea?
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to be a simple passageway for air to pass through
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What produces an occlusion?
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Excess mucous of the trachea.
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Define occlusion
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something is blocking the trachea
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From where to where do the bronchi extend?
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from trachea to the T5 and then splits
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Which bronchus is larger and more vertical?
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the right one
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What makes up the wall of the primary bronchi?
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hyaline cartilage
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What is characteristic about the hyaline cartilage that lines the wall of the bronchi?
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it gets smaller as you get nearer the lungs
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As the bronchi branch in the lungs, what happens to the lumen?
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it gets smaller
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Define alveolar ducts
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tubes that open into functional unit of the lungs
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name the 6 branches of the bronchi, please
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1. primary bronchi
2. secondary or lobar bronchi 3. segmental bronchi 4. terminal bronchioles 5. respiratory bronchioles 6. alveolar ducts |
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What happens to the smooth muscle in the wall of the bronchioles as you go down the "tree"?
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the smooth muscle gets larger in size
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Where is the apex of the lungs?
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above the clavicle
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Where is the hilum on the lungs?
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on the medial surface where the bronchi enter the lungs
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Where is the base of the lung?
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the broad surface next to the diaphragm
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What is the cardiac notch?
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the indentation in the left lung that fits the heart
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what are the fissures in the right lung?
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Horizontal and oblique
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what are the lobes of the right lung?
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1. superior
2. middle 3. inferior |
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What are the fissures of the left lung?
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only the oblique fissure
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What are the lobes of the left lung?
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1. superior
2. inferior |
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What are all lobes sub-divided into?
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bronchopulmonary segments
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each unit of the lung is served by what type of bronchiole?
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segmental or tertiary
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Define Alveolus
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The functional unit of the lung
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What type of epithelium lines the alveolus? Which type supports the alveolus?
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simple squamous epithelium; elastic fibers
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Define alveolar sac
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2 or more alveoli that share a common opening
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Define Alveolar Duct
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Tube that opens into alveoli
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Which 2 epithelial cells make up the alveolar wall?
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1. type I-simple squamous
2. type II-septal cells |
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What is the function of the simple squamous epithelium that makes up the alveolar wall?
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The site of gas exchange between the lungs and blood
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What is the function of the septal cells that are part of the alveolar wall?
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they secrete alveolar fluid
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What is the function of of alveolar fluid?
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It keeps the inside surface of the alveoli moist.
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Define Surfactant
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a compound made of phospholipids in lipid protein and function in reducing surface tension
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What are the 3 accessory organs of the respiratory system?
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1. oral cavity
2. rib cage 3. diaphragm |
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What are the 2 zones of the respiratory system?
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1. respiratory zone
2. conducting zone |
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What is the respiratory zone responsible for?
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gas exchange (upper respiratory)
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What is the conducting zone responsible for?
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passageway down to the respiratory zone (lower resp.)
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What do fibroblasts do in the wall of the alveoli?
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They deposit elastic fibers and reticular fibers that contribute to recoil
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What is the entire surface of the alveolar wall covered by?
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capillary bed
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what are the 4 components of the respiratory membrane?
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1. simple squamous epithelium of alveolar wall
2. basement membrane of alveolar wall 3. basement membrane of capillary wall 4. capillary wall-simple squamous epithelium |
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What are we talking about when we talk of hypoxia in regard to the lungs?
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it causes vasoconstriction in the lungs that diverts the blood to where there is more oxygen
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Define Atmospheric pressure
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air pressure that is exerted around the outside of your body all of the time
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WHat is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
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760 mm Hg
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What happens to atmospheric pressure as you go above sea level?
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it decreases
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What happens to atmospheric pressure as you go below sea level?
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it increases
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Define Intrapulmonary pressure
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Air pressure within alveoli
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Define Intrapleural pressure
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air pressure in pleural cavity or outside of the lungs
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Which pressure is known for being very low?
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Intrapleural pressure
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Why is it important for the intrapleural pressure to be very low?
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because you don't want the lungs to collapse from high outside pressure
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Define Boyle's Law
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A volume of gas varies inversely with pressure
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Define Dalton's Law
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Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present
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Atmospheric pressure equals what?
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the sum of the partial pressures/gases
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in your body, how does partial pressure diffuse?
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from high partial pressure to low partial pressure.
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What is the formula for Partial Pressure?
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(atmospheric pressure) x (percentage of gas in the atmosphere)
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Give the normal percentages of Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen gas in the atmosphere
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O2=21%
CO2=.04% N2=79% |
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Define Henry's law?
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The quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of that gas over the liquid and the solubility coefficient of the gas
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What is the most soluble gas in water?
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CO2
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What is the least soluble gas in water?
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nitrogen
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What is used to treat the Bends, gangrene, bone infection, post surgery, and CO poisoning?
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Hyperbaric chamber
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Define Charles' Law
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A volume of gas is directly related to its temperature
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What are the 4 components of respiratory physiology?
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1. Pulmonary ventilation
2. external respiration 3. internal respiration 4. cellular respiration |
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Define Pulmonary Ventilation
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Process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli
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Define External Respiration
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Gas exchange between the lungs and blood
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Define Internal respiration
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gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
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Define Cellular Respiration
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Glucose catabolism utilizing oxygen as the final electron acceptor
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What does this describe: Air moves from nose to lungs and back out again
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pulmonary ventilation
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What causes pulmonary ventilation?
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pressure changes in the lungs that are caused by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles
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What 2 parts is pulmonary ventilation divided into?
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1. inspiration
2. expiration |
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Inspiration involves _______ of the respiratory muscles.
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contraction
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Expiration involves_______of the respiratory muscles
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relaxation
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What causes the cavity of the lungs to get larger?
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surface tension
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As lungs expand in volume, what happens to the air pressure?
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it decreases
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What is considered the active process of pulmonary ventilation?
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inspiration
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How long do you let pressure out of the body?
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until the pressure in the body equals the pressure on the outside of the body
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What contributes to recoiling during expiration?
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surface tension from alveolar fluid and by the elastic fibers in alveoli
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Define Residual Volume
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Volume left in lungs after most forceful expiration
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What are 2 factors that affect pulmonary ventilation?
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1. surface tension
2. compliance |
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Define Surface Tension
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attraction between water molecules that contribute to recoiling for expiration
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Define Compliance
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the amount of energy needed to expand the lungs and the thoracic wall.
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Would you want high or low compliance and why?
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high because it makes it easier to take a breath
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What 2 factors contribute to compliance?
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1. surface tension
2. elasticity of the thoracic wall and lung wall |
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What 4 factors decrease compliance?
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1.Any condition that prevents expansion of the intercostals muscles
2.Any condition that reduces the amount of surfactant in the lungs 3.Any condition that reduces elasticity of the lungs. 4.Any condition that causes the lungs to fill with fluid. |
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Where is airway resistance greater?
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In the bronchioles
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What nervous system is airway resistance controlled by?
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sympathetic nerve fibers
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When do the bronchioles increase in diameter during normal respiration?
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in inspiration
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Where is the greater resistance, in inspiration or expiration?
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expiration
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Give the amount of carbon dioxide in the air before going into the lungs
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.304 mm Hg
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Give the amount of oxygen in the air before going into the lungs
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160 mm Hg
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Give the amount of oxygen in the lungs
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100 mm Hg
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Give the amount of oxygen in the blood
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40 mm Hg
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Give the amount of carbon dioxide in the lungs
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40 mm Hg
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Give the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood after leaving the lungs
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45 mm Hg
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What are 4 factors that function in getting oxygen of of Hgb?
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1. as pO2 goes down, O2 is driven off
2. pCO2 goes up, O2 is driven off 3. Hydrogen ion concentration goes up, O2 driven off 4. Local temperature-heat goes up, oxygen driven off |
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How much Oxygen that's dissolved in plasma is needed to be transported?
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1.5%
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What percentage of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin?
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98.5%
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How much CO2 is transported in plasma?
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7%
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What percentage of Carbon dioxide is transported by hemoglobin?
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23%
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what percentage of carbon dioxide is transported by bicarbonate?
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70%
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Define Chloride ion shift
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when chloride ions diffuse into RBCs as bicarbonate diffuses out. chloride takes place of bicarbonate
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