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427 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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An object is only sterile when it is what?
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Free from all microorganisms
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The complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms, including spores is what?
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Sterilization
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What is the most widely used method of sterilization?
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Moist Heat (Autoclave)
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If the wrapping in the autoclave gets wet what do you do?
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Dispose of it.
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What is the alternative for autoclave?
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Radiation ionizing
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What is the cleaning solution that inhibits and destroy microorganisms on the skin and wounds?
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Antiseptics
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What is an example of an Antiseptic
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Betadine
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Cleaning solutions that are used to destroy microorganisms on environmental surfaces are what?
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Disinfectants
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What is something that cannot be cleaned with heat so a Gas autoclave must be used?
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fiberoptics because they can't be in the heat
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Ethylene Oxide is what
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an odorless gas which is toxic to humans. After something is cleaned with this they must not be used for 24 hours
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What is a downfall of boiling water for sterilization?
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Does NOT kill spores and some viruses. This is not used in hospital setting.
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When doing a sterile procedure of a pt the pt needs to avoid movement so before beginning make sure pt signs what if needed?
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consent
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What is the DAR
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Data action response
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Pie stands for what?
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Problem intervention evaluation
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Subjective, objective, assessment, plan stands for what?
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SOAP
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Focus charting focuses on what?
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Pt problem
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If it wasn't documented it wasn't what?
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DONE
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Entrys out of sequence must be identified as what?
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Late Entry
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When you have made a mistake on a pt record what should you do?
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draw a line through it and sign your initials
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What kind of report is not included in pt chart
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incident report
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You must only use what kind of abbreviations?
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Hospital approved
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All information about a pt is what?
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Confidential
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When you make a call out to a doctor what is important to remember to gather from calling the doctor?
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Get the pt's SBar (situation, background, assessment, recommendation)
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Culture diversity is what?
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The culture you were born in or have been adapted to, serves as your guide.
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A pt's culture is what?
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shared system of beliefs, values, behavioral expectations.
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A large group of people what are members of a large cultural group are what?
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Subculture
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What is the most dominant culture or largest group of people?
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European Ancestory this group has the most authority to controll values and sanctions
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Hispanics, african americans, arabics are what group of people.
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Minority group ( small group)
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What makes a minority group?
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A physical or cultural characteristic that identifies the people as different.
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The feeling a person experiences when placed in a different culture is what?
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Culture shock
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When people come to the US from other countries and they change or evolve to what we do is what?
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Cultural assimilation (acculturation)
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What is an example of a cultural assimilation?
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Spanish speaking people speaking more english.
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Your ethnicity is what?
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What you are born into or have been adopted into. It is your day to day life with your family and friends.
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What is the term used that defines a person specific characteristics?
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RACE, and it includes skin color, body stature, facial features, hair texture.
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What are the 3 major races?
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Caucasian, Negroid, Mongoloid
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When someone assumes that all members of a culture or ethnic group are alike this is called?
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Sterotyping.
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"Italian are emotional, and men never cry" are examples of what?
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Sterotyping.
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What is an example of cultural imposition?
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Belief that all people should speak english. or the Belief that everyone should conform to the majority belief.
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What someone ignores differences and proceeds as if they did not exist this is called what?
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Cultural blindness
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People what ridicule beliefs and traditions of others to make themselves feel more secure creates what?
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Culture conflict
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What is Ethnocentrism
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Belief that one's ideas, beliefs, and practice are the best or superior.
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The ability to recognize differences is what?
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Cultural awareness
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Cultural sensitivity is what
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the ability to recognize differences and the sensitivity necessary in dealing with different ethnic individuals.
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Physiological and psychological, reaction to pain, mental health, gender role, communication, orientation, Nutrition, family support, and socioeconomic factors are what?
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a way to provide culturally competent care
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What do the Asian culture believe in
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Yin and Yang, family important, male dominated, live in harmony.
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African Americans ethnic cultural include
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extended family, they are private, love music, have pride, God is important, they have strong relationships.
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What culture is family oriented, loves celebrations, and most are catholic?
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Hispanic Culture
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Anglo-American Culture include what ethnic characteristics?
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They are individual, like to try new things, nuclear family, question authority, children are equal, parents live seperate from kids.
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The culture that has harmony with nature, peace pipe, medicine healer is what culture?
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Native American Culture
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The first step in providing culturally competent care is for the RN to assess their own cultural background,values, beliefs, especially those related to health and health care is what?
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Self-evaluation
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Implies a state of calmness, period of relaxation w/out emotional stress & freedon from anxiety?
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Rest
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restores energy level, allows for resuming of optimal functioning abilities.
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A state of consciousness, individual's perceptions & reactions to environment stimuli are decreased ?
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Sleep
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minimal physical activity, variable levels of consciousness, changes in physiologic processes .
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Inadequate or dysfunctional sleep pattern ?
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Dysomnia
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What controls the center for sleeping & waking Neurological System?
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Hypothalamus
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Two systems in brain working together to control the sleep cycle?
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1) Reticular Activating System
2) Bulbar Synchronizing Region |
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African American and Hispanics are more prone to have what?
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Diabetes
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Cancer in what race is harder to detect because they don't go to the doctor is what?
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African Americans
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A stroke occurs in African Americans and caucasians in what percentages?
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80% African Americans, 58% White
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When using cultural communicatin use what?
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Both verbal and nonverbal communication skills.
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Culture can shape what kind of ethics of a population?
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sexual
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What are some ethnic and cultural factors affecting health care?
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Time orientation ( Time means different things. Communication ( may need a translator). Money, Health care system some pt want healers western medicine. beliefs and practices delay the seeking of care.
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Why does the vietnamese like their heads to be touched?
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they believe it takes away the strength of the brain.
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Anything that pertains to the person's relationship with nonmaterial life force or higher power is what?
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Spirituality
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What are the 3 spiritual needs?
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Need for meaning and purpose, need for love and relatedness, need for forgiveness.
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A specific system of practices associated with a particular denomination is what?
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Your religion
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A confident belief in something for which ther is no proof or evidence is what?
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Faith
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Someone who doesn't believe in God is what?
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Atheist
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An agnostic is what?
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A person who may believe in God but doesn't understand how it works or how he came.
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A confident expectation that desire will be fulfilled is what?
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Hope
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Pardon ='s
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forgiveness
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The feeling of being alive, having a purpose, and being fulfilled is a person's what?
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spiritual health or well-being
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The distruption of one's "life principle" the meaning of suffering, life, death, and expression of feeling empty is what?
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Spiritual distress
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What 3 types of illness can lead to dispair and distress?
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Acute, Chronic, and terminal
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Patient admitted & sleeps for an abnormally long time, What area of brain might have suffered damage to?
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hypothalamus
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Wakefulness occurs when the following is activated w/any stimuli .
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Reticular Activationg System
(RAS) |
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What takes over causing you to progress through sleep cycles & remain asleep until until there's increased stimuli?
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Bulbar Synchronizing Region
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What maintains our bodies homeostasis?
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Biorythms
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What is the bodies physiological pattern that coincides w/earths rotation or 24 hr period of day?
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Circadian rythm
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Any change in the developmental process that is normally expected during a lifetime?
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Is a Maturational
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Any sudden, unexpected and definable even that is not predictable
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Situational
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Significant loff of sometone or something that can no longer be seen, felt, heard or known or perceived. Need individual adaptation through grieving process.
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Personal loss
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What are the sources of loss?
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Self, Objects, Environment, Person
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A total response to an emotional experience related to loss is?
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Grief
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State of desolation due to loss is?
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Berearvement
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A behavorial response that follows loss is?
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Mourning
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The greiving before a loss is called?
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Anticipatory
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Stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross?
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denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.
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Engel's stages of grieving?
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shock and disbelief, developing awareness, restitution, resolving the loss, idealization, outcome.
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What are the stages of awareness an RN must assess with the pt and family?
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Closed awareness, mutual pretense, open awareness.
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What is the environment for death?
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Hospital, home, hospice.
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Agressively managing all systems and more of a comfort care is what?
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palliative Care
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Providing the best quality of life for the critically or chronically ill by ensuring their comfort and dignity should be your what as an RN?
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Goal
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Hospice usually begins becoming envolved when?
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6 months before pt dies.
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Hospice RN's can continue for how long after the pt expires?
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up to 1 year for family support.
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What are the types of advance directives?
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Living Will, Health care proxy and durable power of attorney.
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DNR is what?
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Do Not resusitate
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What is an example of a slow code?
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A 90 year old that is not a DNR, terminal and stops breathing.
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Allowing natural death excludes the use of what?
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NO IV NO BLOOD
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ANA is what?
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American Nursing Association
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If you overdose or give a gun to a pt this is considered what?
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Assisted suicide
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Clinican acts directly to cause the death of a pt, Ex: death penalty is what?
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Active Euthanasia
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What are the signs of impending death?
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Loss of muscle tone, slow circulation, change in vitals, sensory impairment.
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Pupils fixed, dilated, unable to move, loss of reflexes, faster or weaker pulse, BP drop, Cheyne stokes, death rattle, variable temp are signs of what?
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Signs of imminent death
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Pain comes from bones, joints, muscles,skin, or connective tissue?
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Somatic Pain
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Uncontrollable urge to sleep?
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Narcolepsy
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Maximum amount & duration of pain a person is willing to endure?
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Pain tolerance
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Measures brain wave activity?
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(EEG) elelctro-encephalogram
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Pain poorly localized & originates in body organs, abdomen, cranium, thorax?
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Visceral pain
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Pain originates in one part of the body, but is felt in another?
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Referred pain
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Excessive sleeping
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hypersomnia
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Controlled substances
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opoid
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Sleep disorder behaviors that affect sleep?
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Parasomnia
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Inability to obtain an adequate quantity or quality of sleep?
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Insomnia
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Drug that relieves pain
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Analgesics
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Three common responses to pain?
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Physiologic, Behavioral, Affective
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Amount of pain stimulation a person requires to feel pain?
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Pain threshold
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Sleep walking
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Sonambulism
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Uses electrical stimulation to inhibit tramsmission of pain impulse
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TENS
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Pain lasting beyond normal healing period
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Chronic pain
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Inadequate sleep pattern
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Dysomnia
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Continuous positive airway pressure
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CPAP
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Level of consciousness
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LOC
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Visual analog scale
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VAS
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Around the clock
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ATC
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Patient controlled analgesia
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PCA
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Stage of sleep 50% wave sleep scycles, deepest sleep stage
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Stage IV-
> 50% in delta wave sleep, restores body physically, occurs 30-40 minutes following onset of sleep. |
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Type of sleep slow-wave , aka theta & delta waves, consists of 75% of total sleep , deep & restful, decrease in body physiological functions
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NREM Sleep:
non-rapid eye movement |
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Irrigular muscle movements occur (twitch), especially rapid eye movements, brain activity is very active, 25% of total
sleep, cycles every 90 minutes |
REM Sleep
rapid eye movement |
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What stage of sleep is light, body processes continue to slow, eyes still, heart & respiratory rate decrease,body temp. falls, chin/jaw muscles relax.
be easliy waken, lasts 10-15 minutes? |
Stage II NREM
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What stage of sleep is Very light, some alpha,mostly theta wave activity, feel drowsy/relaxed, eyes roll side to side, high chin muscle activity, sleep can be easily awakened, floating sensation, only lasting few minutes?
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Stage I NREM
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What's the Deepest sleep stage, difficult to arouse, >50% in delta wave sleep cycles, heart/resp rate decrease 20-30%, eyes roll, some dreaming occurs, very relaxed, rarely move, restores body physically, occurs 30-40 minutes following sleep onset?
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Stage IV NREM
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What Sleep Stage does the parasympathetic nervous system become dominant, 20-50% delta wave, further slowing heart/resp rate, skeletal muscles very relaxed, more difficult to arouse, snoring may occur, reflexes diminished?
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Stage III NREM
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What are the (4) Primary sleep disorders?
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Insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
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What are Secondary sleep disorders?
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medical, clinical disorders, thyroid dysfunction, depression, and alcoholism
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Difficulty staying asleep or frequent/prolonged periods of awakening?
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Intermittent/Maintenance Insomnia
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What is early morning/premature waking?
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Terminal Insomnia
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Excessive sleeping ?
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Hypersomnia
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"Sleep attach" sudden overwhelming sleepiness that usually occurs during day/waking hours, Sleep cycle starts w/REM, controlled w/CNS stimulants?
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Narcolepsy
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Periodic cessaton of breathing during sleep, lasts for at least 10 seconds & occurs at least 5 times per hour, may occur 50-600 times per night?
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Sleep Apnea / Sleep Disorder Breathing
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What Parasomnia behavior, occurs with Sleep walking , in stage 3 & 4 NREM, usually 1-2 hours after falling asleep.
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Somnambulism
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A Parasomnia behavior occurs in stage 2 NREM, just before REM?
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Sleep-talking
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A Parasomnia behavior of bedwetting, occurs 1-2 hours after falling asleep in stage 3&4 NREM, mostly in children under age 3, may be physiological/psychological?
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Nocturnal enuresis
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Parasomnia behavior, occurs in ages 6 or younger, shaking & screams w/vivid imaginary dreaming, usually don't remeber next day.
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Night Terrors
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What are Secondary sleep disorders?
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medical, clinical disorders, thyroid dysfunction, depression, and alcoholism
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Difficulty staying asleep or frequent/prolonged periods of awakening?
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Intermittent/Maintenance Insomnia
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What is early morning/premature waking?
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Terminal Insomnia
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Excessive sleeping ?
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Hypersomnia
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"Sleep attach" sudden overwhelming sleepiness that usually occurs during day/waking hours, Sleep cycle starts w/REM, controlled w/CNS stimulants?
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Narcolepsy
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Periodic cessaton of breathing during sleep, lasts for at least 10 seconds & occurs at least 5 times per hour, may occur 50-600 times per night?
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Sleep Apnea / Sleep Disorder Breathing
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What Parasomnia behavior, occurs with Sleep walking , in stage 3 & 4 NREM, usually 1-2 hours after falling asleep.
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Somnambulism
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A Parasomnia behavior occurs in stage 2 NREM, just before REM?
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Sleep-talking
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A Parasomnia behavior of bedwetting, occurs 1-2 hours after falling asleep in stage 3&4 NREM, mostly in children under age 3, may be physiological/psychological?
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Nocturnal enuresis
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Parasomnia behavior, occurs in ages 6 or younger, shaking & screams w/vivid imaginary dreaming, usually don't remeber next day.
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Night Terrors
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Which of the following phrases best defines culture?
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A shared system of beliefs, values, and behaviors.
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Minority groups living within a dominant culture may lose the cultural characteristics that made them different?
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Cultural assimilation
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What group is the largest subculture of the healthcare system?
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Nurses
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Healthcare providers often believe their beliefs and practices are superior to those of the patient. What is this practice call?
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Ethnocentrism
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Stimulation of the female genitals by licking and sucking the clitoris and surrounding structures is called?
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Cunnilingus
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What is the stimulus of the male genitals by licking and sucking the penis and surrounding structures?
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Fellatio
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What is practice of self stimulation?
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Masturbation
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When both Fellatio and Cunnilingus happen between couples this is called?
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Soixante-neuf
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What physiological need is the last to go?
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Hearing
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The stiffening of the skeletal and cardiac muscle occurs when?
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Rigor Mortis 2-4 hours after death
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Algor Mortis is when what happens to the body?
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Low body temp, and you lose your skin elasticity
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Purple discoloration to dependent areas as a result of blood cell destruction. post mortem decomposition.
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is called livor mortis
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When someone dies in the US it is mandatory to have what document
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A death certificate
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What is a medical exam that is performed on a dead body
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autopsy
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What are the 8 major religions
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Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Judaism, Catholicism, Protestantism, Other religions (Jehovah's Witness, Mormons, Seventh Day Adventists, Christian Scientists.
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The 6000 year old religion, belief in karma, very clean, may not eat meat or drink ETOH believe in reincarnation is what religion?
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Hinduism
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A religion that has a prophet Budda, Avoid ETOH, Vegetarians, Believe in meditation, incense, and chants are who?
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Buddhism
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What religion considers God as Allah, believe you should wash hands before prayer, believe in no pork or ETOH?
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Islam or Muslim
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Ramadan is what?
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Fasting, you may only eat at night.
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Next to Christianity, most widely practice religion is what?
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Judaism
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In the Judaism religion beareavement and death is handled within how many hours.
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24
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What religion believes in the father son and holy ghost
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Catholic
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In catholicism when you dicuss your sins you are doing what?
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Going to confession with a preist
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What is the largest subculture in healthcare?
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Nursing
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A skill or a tallent and or thought process is what?
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Thinking
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What is critical thinking?
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Being able to read and apply something
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The art of thinking about thinking is what?
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critical thinking.
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inferences are what?
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something that causes something else to occur
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what kind of reasoning goes from general to specific
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Deductive Reasoning.
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A patient is having chest pain and you can see that they are really in pain is called what?
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Inductive reasoning.
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What is the best thing of critical thinking?
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Creativity
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What do you gain by the more and more of something you do?
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Integrity.
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When you know you are doing the best you can do is called what?
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perseverance
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The nursing process is defined as?
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Systematic, rational method of planning and providing nursing care.
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What is the rationale for using the nursing process?
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It help avoid negligence charges, It is a documented process with evidence based research to ensure care.
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What is the most important part of creating a pt document?
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Assessment
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Who requires initial assessment within 24 hours of admission as inpatient
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JCAHO
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What is the initial assessment?
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Head to Toe Assessment
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What is a focused Assessment?
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When a pt has a specific complaint
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A primary assessment occurs when?
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Each time you go into a pt's room to do something.
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Secondary Assessment is what kind of assessment?
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Head to toe
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What are the ABC's of the primary assessment?
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Airway, breathing, circulation
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What are the methods of collecting data?
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Observing, interviewing, examining
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The nursing diagnosis creates a what for practice?
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Standard
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A clinical judgement about individuals, family, or community responses to actual and potential health problems/life processes is what?
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Nursing diagnosis
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NANDA
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North American Nursing Diagnosis Association.
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NRS
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0-10 scale for pain, numeric reference scale
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LPN's cannot create what?
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Nursing care plans
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When something is pathology oriented it is what?
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Disease and cancer
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RT stands for what?
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Related to
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What is an actual problem?
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You walk into a pt room and the leg is in a cast
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What is a potential problem?
|
Is a risk for something that can happen due to the actual problem.
|
|
|
|
The statement of cause
|
is etiology
|
|
|
|
AEB
|
As evidence by
|
|
|
|
Clinical cues are what?
|
Signs and symptoms
|
|
|
|
PES
|
Problem, etiology, signs and symptoms
|
|
|
|
NOC
|
Nursing outcomes classification
|
|
|
|
Something that is measureable can be?
|
seen, heard, felt, or measured by another person
|
|
|
|
3 domains of learning
|
Cognitive, psychomotor, and affective.
|
|
|
|
HIPPA
|
Health Insurance Protection Privacy Act
|
|
|
|
Who makes rules for nurses to follow?
|
State, Federal, BON, Institution
|
|
|
|
A group of 7 RN's 3 LPN's and 3 Non-nurses and 1 memeber over 60 years make up what?
|
Florida board members
|
|
|
|
Board?
|
Is the Board of nurses
|
|
|
|
Practice of professional nursing?
|
those who can practice nursing
|
|
|
|
What is the practice of practical nursing?
|
Delegates waht an LPN can do
|
|
|
|
Advanced/specialized nursing practice is what?
|
What advanced nurses can do. Most like a masters degree
|
|
|
|
Nursing diagnosis includes?
|
Observation, when you look at a pt what is wrong and evaluation.
|
|
|
|
Nursing treatment is what?
|
The regimen of care to pt restoring health.
|
|
|
|
RN is what?
|
Practices as a professional Registered Nurse
|
|
|
|
LPN is what?
|
Practical Nurse
|
|
|
|
Advanced registered nurse practitioner? ARNP
|
functions under advanced nursing practice. Master, DOC
|
|
|
|
FDLE is what?
|
A background check
|
|
|
|
FNP is what kind of act?
|
Florida nurse practice act
|
|
|
|
Practicing without a licenses, using a suspended licenses, knowingly employing unlicensed persons, and misleading statements to obtain licenses are considered to be what?
|
Felonies
|
|
|
|
To use title without license?
|
misdemeanor
|
|
|
|
Dressing up as a nurse and going into a hospital is considered a what?
|
Felony
|
|
|
|
Usually present during adolescence and occurs during REM sleep
|
Nocturnal erections and emissions (Parasomnia behavior )
|
|
|
|
The grinding of teeth.
Usually occurs during NREM stage 2. |
Bruxism (Parasomnia behavior)
|
|
|
|
Primary reason individuals seek medical care and especially Emergency Department care
|
PAIN
|
|
|
|
"Whatever the PERSON says it is and exists where person says it does".
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage. |
Pain
|
|
|
|
Caused by a stimulus due to damage of normal tissues or has potential to do so
|
Nociceptive pain
|
|
|
|
Pain Threshold
|
amount of pain stimulation a person requires in order to feel pain.
|
|
|
|
Somatic Pain
|
pain that comes from bones, joints, muscle, skin, or connective tissue, usually, aching, throbbing, &
localized |
|
|
|
The maximum amount and duration of pain that an individual is willing to endure.
|
Pain Tolerance
* Highly SUBJECTIVE* |
|
|
|
results from stimulation of pain receptors in teh abdomen, cranium, and thorax
|
Visceral pain
|
|
|
|
results from a disturbance of peripheral or central nervous system that results in producton of pain, may or may not be associated w/ongoing tissue damaging process.
|
Neuropathic pain
|
|
|
|
Resulting from injury to peripheral or central nervous system, (tumors, brain, cord, injuries, central atrophy degenerating conditions)
|
Centrally generated pain
|
|
|
|
Associated w/peripheral nerve injury or degeneration condition.(Diabetes, neuropathies, nerve entrapment or trigeminal neuralgias)
|
Peripherally generated pain
|
|
|
|
Superficial pain, involves skin or subcutaneous tissue, (paper cut)
|
Cutaneous
|
|
|
|
Awaremess of the characteristics of pain
|
Perception of pain
|
|
|
|
Modulation
|
initiation of protective reflex response (warning sign)
|
|
|
|
conduction along pathways (A-delta and C-delta fibers) form spinal cord to brain.
|
Transmission
|
|
|
|
Activation of pain receptors
|
Transduction
|
|
|
|
Powerful vasodialator, constricts smooth muscle, important in pain @ site of injury,triggers release of histamine then produces redness, swelling, and pain, observed w/inflamation present.
|
Bradykinin
|
|
|
|
Hormone that acts as a
stimulate smooth muscles, inhibits gastric secretion, produce vasoconstriction, excite or inhinits target nerve cells. |
Prostaglandins, Substance P, and Serotonin
|
|
|
|
What Theory is this?
*Pain-vs-emotions,*Sm & Lg nerve fibers conduct & inhibit pain stimuli * mechanism determine impulses that reach the brain: |
Gate Control Theory of Pain
|
|
|
|
sensory process that occurs when a stimulus for pain is present
|
perception of pain
|
|
|
|
pain threshold
|
the lowest intensisty of stimulus that causes the subject to recognize pain.
|
|
|
|
the process where the sensation of pain is inhibited or modified is referred to as?
|
modulation
|
|
|
|
endogenous opiod compounds (naturally present) morphine like chemical regulators in the spinal cord & brain
|
neuromodulators
|
|
|
|
What tyype of opoid neuromodulators produced at neural synapse at various points in the CNS pathway
that are powerful pain-blocking chemicals that have prolonged analgesic effects and produce euphoria? |
Endorphins
|
|
|
|
Dynorphin
|
an endorphin that has the MOST POTENT effect.
|
|
|
|
endorphins that are LESS Potent & widespread throughout the brain & dorsal horn of spinal cord,
|
Enkephalins
|
|
|
|
Ethnic Group: view pain as a sign of illness,disease & inevitable, high tolerance, praying/laying on hands as aid for pain
|
African American
|
|
|
|
Ethnic Group: view pain unpleasant and should be controlled, expresses pain openlly w/family members only, act reserved, not displaying infornt of healthcare professionals, expect Western medical interventions will control pain.
|
Arab Americans
|
|
|
|
What are the (3) COMMON responses to pain?
|
Physiologic, Behavioral, Affective
|
This one is on test for sure!
|
|
|
Physiologic Pain
|
Increased BP, Pulse, & Resp., pupil dialation, muscle tension, pallor, adreneline spike, increase Hb glucose,
|
Response to pain
|
|
|
Behavorial Pain
|
Weeping, restleness, anxiety, withdrawal, depression, fear, anger, anorexia, fatigue
|
Response to pain
|
|
|
Affective Pain
|
Nausea, voniting, fainting, unconsciousness, decreased BP/Pulse, prostration, rapid/irreg respirations
|
Response to pain
|
|
|
Psychogenic
|
cause of pain can NOT be identified
|
Source of pain
|
|
|
(Superficial) pain, usually involves skin/subcutaneous tissue; paper cut , causing sharp/burning pain
|
Cutaneous Pain
|
Source of pain
|
|
|
Somatic Pain
|
(Deep) diffuse/scattered; originates in tendons, ligaments, bones, Hb vessels, nerves. Strong psi on bone/damage to tissue (via sprain)
|
Source of pain
|
|
|
Pain from stimulus from damage or potential damage of tissues
|
Nociceptive pain
|
Source of pain
|
|
|
Visceral Pain
|
Poorly localized; origionates in body organs; (thorax/cranium/abdomen) result of organs stretched abnormally or distended, ischemic, or inflamed (guarding) may occur r/t pain
|
Source of pain
|
|
|
Neuropathic pain
|
results from an injury to or abnormal functioning of: peripheral nerves (or) from CNS
|
|
|
|
Tumors, brain, spinal cord injuries
|
Centrally Generated Pain
|
cause of pain
|
|
|
Diabetes neuropathies, nerve entrapment
|
Peripherally Generated Pain
|
cause of pain
|
|
|
Intractable Pain
|
Resistant to therapy; persists despite a variety of interventions.
|
cause of pain
|
|
|
Phantom Pain
|
Pain felt in brain in location where amputated limb used to be; where receptors and nerves are clearly absent, but experience of pain is real
|
cause of pain
|
|
|
Physical cause for pain cannot be identified; pain from mental just as intense as pain from physical event
|
Psychogenic pain
|
cause of pain
|
|
|
Peripheral nerve fibers that transmit pain
|
Nociceptors
|
|
|
|
Activation of pain receptors;involves converson of painful stimuli in 2 electrical impuleses;travels from periphery to spinal cord at dorsal horn.
|
Transduction
|
|
|
|
Process whreby pain sensations from the site of an injury or inflammation are conducted along pathways
|
Transmission
|
|
|
|
_____? # on Numeric Sedation Scale: Frequently drowsy, drifts off to sleep during conversation,; reduce dosage
|
3
|
|
|
|
_____? # on Numeric Sedation Scale: awake and alert; no action necessary
|
1
|
|
|
|
____? # on Numeric Sedation Scale: somnolent w/minimal or no response to stimuli; discontinue opiod, consider use of naloxone (counter act/reverses narcotic effect)
|
4
|
|
|
|
____? # on Numeric Sedation Scale: Occasionally drowsy, but easy to arouse; no action necessary
|
2
|
|
|
|
Expresses pain like Americans; pain related to yin/yang imbalances; use aspirin/oils/massage/heat/relaxation/sleep on site of pain
|
Chinese Americans
|
Love that buffet!
|
|
|
Evil that needs to be eradicated; physical/emotional pain shared w/family which is resource for relief (via emotional support).
|
Greek Americans
|
My favorite salad!
|
|
|
Delay medical help; pain necessary part of life; experience more/report it less than other ethnicities; related to immoral behavior
|
Mexican Americans
|
taco anyone?
|
|
|
Won't show pain or seek RX/ prefer herbal medicines/ wont' tell healthcare provider that they yse herbals
|
Navajo Indians
|
ya tough or something?
|
|
|
tablets, capsules, solutions, etc
|
Oral medications
|
|
|
|
ear, eye, skin, nose, vaginal, rectal, etc
|
Topical
|
|
|
|
Acetylsalicylic Acid
|
Chemical Name
|
|
|
|
Aspirin
|
Generic Name
|
|
|
|
Bayer Aspirin (ASA gr.X)
|
Trade Name
|
|
|
|
Analgesics
|
relieves pain without loss of conscioiusness
|
|
|
|
tells the effect on the body system
|
CNS depressant
|
|
|
|
Sumpton the drug is against inflammation
|
Anti-Inflammatory
|
|
|
|
Tranquilizer
|
the desired drug effect
|
|
|
|
Nutrition
|
The science that studies the relationship of humans to food
|
|
|
|
Variety of sciences involved in nutrition?
|
Biological, chimical, educationa., economics, behavorial, and others
|
|
|
|
Who on the health-care team can provide nutrition instruction?
|
Anyone
|
|
|
|
What are the chemical substances supplied by food that are required by the body ?
|
Nutrients
|
|
|
|
Nutrients are required for ? E____, G____, M____, R____
|
Energy, Growth, Maintenance, Repair
|
|
|
|
What 6 groups are nutrients divided into?
|
Carbohudrates, Fats (lipids), Proteins, Water, Vitamins, Minerals
|
|
|
|
Carbohydrates, Fats (Lipids), Proteins, Water
These are the 4 examples of ? |
Macronutrients
|
|
|
|
Vitamins & Minerals are examples of ?
|
Micronutrients
|
|
|
|
What ONE food provides individuals w/all essential nutrients that are required each day?
|
NOT just ONE , MANY!
|
|
|
|
Nutrients serve as a source of ? E______, H_______
|
Energy & Heat
|
|
|
|
NUTRIENTS:
Supports: ____, Maintains: _____. |
Growth & Tissue
|
|
|
|
Chemical energy is ?
|
electrical impulses
|
|
|
|
Mechanical energy is ?
|
muscle movement
|
|
|
|
Energy contained in foods and used within the body is measured in?
|
Kilocalories (kcal)
|
|
|
|
What contributes to building body structures? _______, _______, ________, ________
|
water, proteins, fats, minerals
|
|
|
|
Basic building blocks for tissue building?
|
Proteins/amino acids
|
|
|
|
What is subcutaneous and adipose tissue structure? .
|
Fats
|
|
|
|
The following are descriptions of ?
Numerous structural & chemical functions (maintain fluid & acid-base), Calcium & Phosphorus build & repair bone, Iron needed to build hemoglobin. |
Minerals
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 requirements for Tissue Building?
_____, _____, ______ |
Proteins, Minerals, Fats
|
|
|
|
What helps to regulate how water is distributed in teh body?
|
Minerals & Proteins
|
|
|
|
_______? are necessary to stimulate a series of reactions involved in generating energy?
|
Vitamins
Note: Vitamins themselves produce NO energy. |
|
|
|
What 3 things are involved in regulation of Body Processes?
|
Minerals, Proteins, & Vitamins
|
|
|
|
What is the biggest % of Carbohydrates?
|
Starches
|
|
|
|
Sugars, starches, and fiber together are description of ?
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
|
|
What's stored in the body as glycogen-primarily in the liver, provides 4 kcal/g of energy,and 50% of total kilocalories should come from?
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
|
|
What is an alternate source of energy?
|
(Fats) lipids
|
|
|
|
What are storage forms of heat & energy in the body?
|
(Fats) Lipids
|
|
|
|
What provides 9 kcal/g of energy, should provide no more than 25% of total daily kilocalorie intake, and is 2/3 of dietary from unsaturated sources and only 1/3 from animal sources?
|
(Fats) / lipids
|
|
|
|
What provides energy when shortage of fuel supply occurs, can provide 4/kcal/g, should provide 20% of total caloric intake, and is primary function is tissue building?
|
Protein
|
|
|
|
What can occur when too much or TOO LITTLE or TOO MUCH of a nutrient is consumed?
|
Malnutrition
|
|
|
|
What are the 7 causes of malnutrition? P___, E____, S____, P_____, E_____, E____
|
physical, environmental, social, personal, political, economic, educational
|
|
|
|
What is the result of a deficiency of one or more nutrients?
|
Undernutrition
|
|
|
|
What is an excessive intake of nutrients?
|
Overnutrition
|
|
|
|
Overconsumption of: Fat, Sugar, Salt, & ETOH is associated with?
|
Post Mortem Exams.
It increases the individuals cause of death. |
|
|
|
The following diseases are examples of? ___________
Heart Disease, cancer, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, cirrhosis of the liver |
Causes of death in 6 out of 10 from overconsumption of: Fats, Sugar, Salt, & ETOH.
|
|
|
|
What are non nutrient food components "chemicals" naturally found in foods that provide a medical or health benefits, including the prevention or treatment of disease?
|
Phytochemicals
|
|
|
|
What the 2 MAIN examples given for Phytochemicals?
|
Garlic & Wine
|
|
|
|
What 2 examples of Phytochemicals contains LYCOPENE and decrease risk of prostate & stomach cancer?
|
Tomatoes & grapefruits
|
|
|
|
What 3 examples of Phytochemicals contains ALLYL SULFIDES which can lower risk of stomach and colon cancer?
|
Garlic, onion, & chives
|
|
|
|
What 5 things are examples of Phytochemicals that contains FLAVONOIDS which act as an antioxidant and may reduce the risk of cancer?
|
Fruits, vegetables, nuts, teas, wine
|
|
|
|
Good Nutrition is essential for?
|
Physical growth & development, Good body composition, & mental development
|
|
|
|
What is BOTH a preventative (and) therapeutic science?
|
Nutriton
|
|
|
|
Physical growth & development is MAINLY determined by?
|
Heredity
|
|
|
|
What can delay or prevent individuals from achieving their maximum growth?
|
Malnutrition
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 thngs that Bones can NOT grow properly without ?
|
Calcium, phosphorous, & proteins
|
|
|
|
What is the first clinical measurable indicator of inadequate dietary intake in children?
|
Slowed growth
|
|
|
|
Compared with well-nourished newborns, undernourised newborns have fewer?
|
Brain cells &
smaller brain mass |
|
|
|
What can Nutrien intake can affect Body Composition?
|
Nutrient Intake
|
|
|
|
With age, the body composition becomes higher in_____, and lower in ______?
|
Higher in (FAT)
Lower in (Protein) |
|
|
|
What 4 MAIN types of substances is the human body composed of ?
|
WATER: (1/2 to 3/4)
FAT: (normal fat content 18-22% in women),(15-19% in males). ASH: (bodies mineral content, which is 6% of body weight). PROTEIN: (15% of the body weight) |
|
|
|
What is a diet that is put into place called?
|
Modified diet
|
|
|
|
What refers to the body's conditon as it relates to the intake and the use of nutrients called?
|
Nutritional status
|
|
|
|
What describes what a patient has been eating?
|
Dietary status
|
|
|
|
What method is used to identify a patient who may be at nutritional risk (very brief assessment) ?
|
Nutritional screening
|
|
|
|
What is the evaluation of a patients nutritional status (involves physical assessment, body measurements, lab date and food intake information)?
|
Nutritional assessment
|
|
|
|
What is the information the patient tells you in response to interview questions or from a questionaire that they have completed called?
|
Subjective Data
|
|
|
|
The following are examples of ?
Physical exam including over all appearance & review of body systems, and Anthropometric data, Lab studies (CNC, Albumin, electrolytes) of? |
Objective Data
|
|
|
|
What is an indicator of Nutritional status?
|
General Appearance
|
|
|
|
What is the science of measuring the body called?
|
Anthropomentry
|
|
|
|
Children under what age are at most vunerable for mental development?
|
6 months
|
|
|
|
Excessive alcohol intake (or) nutritional deficiencies may result in which disease?
|
Dementia
|
A disease focused on the Elderly
|
|
|
Research shows that what______? plays a role in the prevention and management of some forms of Dementia?
|
Nutrition
|
|
|
|
A Physician's order is required for: ( Diet as Therapy)
True (or) False ? |
TRUE
|
|
|
|
What is the MOST COMMON used Lab test?
|
Glucose
w/Accu-Check |
|
|
|
Lab tests done on BLOOD, URINE, and STOOL samples provides what information on what # MAIN things?
|
What person has EATEN.
What body is STORING. How the body is USING nutrients. |
|
|
|
Urine can be examined for LOSS of what 2 MAIN things?
|
ELECTROLYTES
& PROTEINS |
|
|
|
Stool can be examined for what disorders that may cause blood or fat to be eliminated in the stool?
|
Metabolism
|
|
|
|
What can be examined for STATUS OF glucose, protein, ft content, vitanin and minerals?
|
Blood
|
|
|
|
A single test and single reading is recommended for assessment of an individuals nutritional status when doing lab tests. True (or) False?
|
FALSE
|
|
|
|
Weight in kg divided by the square of the height in meters on inches is used to measure what?
|
BMI
*Multiply weight in lbs (X) 70= * Divide result by height inchs * Divide that # again by height in inches. |
|
|
|
Improving Diet & Health recommentations for reduction of fat intake to 30% or less of total caloric intake.
True(or)False ? |
True
|
|
|
|
Reducing intake or saturated fats & cholesterol are not recommended for improving diet & health. True (or ) False
|
False
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 criteria's that all diets can be measured against?
|
Balance, Moderation, Variety
|
|
|
|
What is the process of adopting the values, attitudes and behavior of another culture Sometimes places people at INCREASED risk to their overall health?
|
ACCULTURATION / Assimulation
|
|
|
|
What is the belief that one's own groups view of hte world is superior to that or others, "Ours is the best"?
|
Ethnocentrism
|
|
|
|
What Ethnic Group?
Features meats and greens that are cooked together as one pot dinners (stews), consumes sweet potatoes, rice grits, cornbread and lots of gravies, foods often fried, diets usually high in fat. |
African-American
|
want some watermellon for dessert? LOL
|
|
|
What Ethinic Group?
Diets consists of corn, beans, meats, vegetables, foods often stewed or fried in oil or lard, served w/salsa, health belief of "Hot-cold" system. |
Hispanic-American
|
want chips with that salsa?
LOL |
|
|
What Ethnic Group?
Consume a diet based on TARO-a starch root that is similar to a potato, fat content of diets is 10%, foods are eated raw or steamed, American culture diets have increased diabetes |
Native-Hawaiian
|
want some ranch dressing to dip them raw veggies in? LOL
|
|
|
What Ethnic Group?
Features: Noodles & Dumplings |
NORTHERN CHINA-(Chinese Americans)
|
want some chicken with em dumplins? LOL
|
|
|
What Ethnic Group?
Features: Rice |
SOUTHERN CHINA- (Chinese-Americans)
|
want some shrimp w/that rice?
LOL |
|
|
What Ethnic Group?
Features: foods cut into bite sized pieces and cooked quickly in oil to make them crisp,, views sickness an imbalance between Yin and Yang. |
Chinese-Americans
|
want some chop sticks to pick up them small morsels of food? LOL
|
|
|
What Ethnic Group?
Has VERY strict dietary habits, only certain animals can be eaten & must be ritually slaughtered, dairy products and meat, not eaten at same meal, seperate utensils for dairy meals and meat meals. |
Jewish-Americans
|
are they picky or what? LOL
|
|
|
Restrictions for meats
|
Buddhism
|
|
|
|
Restrictions for meats on Holy days
|
Catholicism
|
|
|
|
Restrictions for Beef, Pork, and some Fowl
|
Hinduism
|
|
|
|
Restrictions on ALL Pork and pork products, ritualistic meat slautering, NO coffee and tea.
|
Islam
|
|
|
|
Restrictions on Pork and pork products, fish without scales and fins.
|
Jewish Orthodox
|
|
|
|
Restrictions on Pork and pork products, shellfish, foods that are highly spiced, meat broths, alcoholic beverages, coffee and tea.
|
7th Day Adventist
|
|
|
|
What is the Danger Zone Temperature for growth of bacteria in foods .
|
between 40-140 degrees
|
|
|
|
What is the SAFE temperature for COLD FOODS?
|
below 40 degrees
|
|
|
|
What is the SAFE temperature to keep foods WARM?
|
above 140 degrees
|
|
|
|
What does bacteria need to dissolve and digest food?
|
water
|
|
|
|
Foods that contain water support the growth of bacteria BETTER than dehydrated foods. True (or) False
|
True
|
|
|
|
What is the BIGGEST THREAT in keeping food safe?
|
Microbiological hazards
|
|
|
|
What accounts for 90% of all food-borne diseases?
|
Bacteria
|
|
|
|
What is the # 1 Bacteria responsible for Food Infections?
|
SALMONELLA
Found in peanut butter made products , raw eggs, raw milk, poultry, red meats, ground beef, egg dishes, salad dressings |
|
|
|
Symptoms of food infections usually appear within 12 to 36 hours after eating the contaminated food. True (or) False
|
True
|
|
|
|
What is the ONLY Bacteria that grows in FROZEN temperature?
|
LISTERIA
This is FETAL Toxic too! Found in: soft cheese, deli meats, pate, burritos, icecream, bacon, * May progress to Pneumonia, Sepsis, Meningitis, Endocarditis(inflamation of valves around heart-fatal) |
|
|
|
What is the normal bacteria EXCEPT when found in foods?
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Eschiricia Coli
Found in: water, raw/undercooked meat, raw milk, umpasturized apple juice and cross contaninated foods |
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What is the BEST prevention in spreading microorganisms?
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WASHING YOUR HANDS!
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What Bacteria is found carried in intestinal tract of cows, hots, sheep, poultry, and transfered through fecal of animals, then found on plants sources, causes "Guillain-Barre suyndrome" or "memingitis " in severe cases?
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CAMPLYLOBACTER JEJUNI
(contaminations mushroom related) |
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What Bacteria is caused in the process of reheating foods , foods partially cooked, cooled and then reheated.
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CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
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What is an illness caused by the consumption of a food in which bacteria have produced a poisonous toxin?
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FOOD INTOXICATIONS
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What is an anaerobic (grows w/out oxygen) spore forning bacteria that comes home canned foods, nonacid fruits, and vegetables, commercially packed tuna . Will have whitish milky look. Causes double vision, dysphasis, dry mouth, V/V/D/, Acute bilateral cranial nerve impairments, weakness, paralysis, then DEATH ?
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CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
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What Bacteria also has whitish milky appearance of "clear liquids" , in dented or bulging cans. food contaminated by dirt & carelessly washed? Toxin boiled and eliminated in 10 minutes.
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CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
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Bacterial Food-Bourne Disease on the Increase due to some examles listed: Over use of antibiotics, Centralized food production (Kraft Foods makes dog food and human products @ their facility). True (or) False
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True
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What is an organism tha tlives within, upon, or at the expense of a living host without providing any benefit to the host called?
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Parasitic Infections
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What are the 2 MOST COMMON parasites?
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Trichinella Spiralis & Tapeworms
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What's a microscopic parasite that's entirely dependent on the host for it's metabolic needs & cellular reproduction?
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VIRUS
Note: Hepatitis is a MAJOR virus. |
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What MAJOR Virus is caused by FECAL CONTAMINATION?
Then fecal spread to water, shellfish, insects, rodents, people not washing hands. |
Hepatisis A Virus
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What MAJOR VIRUS comes from BLOOD EXPOSURE?
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Hepatitis B & C
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What is Ciguatera?
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Toxic Seafood = Ciguatera
Caused by Red Tide Alert: fish eating marine bacteria/algae bloom, then humans eating fish (toxic). Avoid eating fish during "Red Tide" alert. |
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What is the MOST WIDELY ENCOUNTERED microorganism, spread by air, insects, rodents. Some are beneficial to humans?
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MOLDS
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What is Aspergillus mold that produces a series of mycotoxins called?
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AFLATOXIN
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A green hairish projectile (mold) that's seen on the tongue of some people, Aids patients. Source: peanuts, GRITS, pecans, walnuts, cornmeal, cottonseed. * MOST POTENT carcinogen known & leading cause of liver toxins & cancer.
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What is based on standard household & metric measures?
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Serving size
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Food Labels
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What is at the bottom of the label, defines the minimum or maximum levels of nutrients people should consume each day?
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Daily Values
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Food
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What is based on a 2000 kilocalorie diet, and ALWAYS STAYS THE SAME?
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Percent of Daily Values
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Food Labels
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What is listed in descending order based on weight :specific order most product that's in the box?
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Ingredients
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Food Labels
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Identify 3 factors that can influence an individuals nutritional intake:
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health status, illness, disease
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DRI's (Dietary Reference Intakes) are composed of 4 nutrient based reference values that can be used for assessing and planning diets. What are they? ___, ____, ____, ____
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*(EARs) Estimated Average Requirements * (RDAs) Recommended Dietary Allowance * (AI's) Adequate Intakes * (UL's) Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
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Every food label must have the same layout and design, labeled Nutritional facts. What is this called?
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Standard Format
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Avoiding Nutritional Hazards Food Labels
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At the bottom of the label, defines the minimum or maximum levels of nutrients people should consume each day. What is this called?
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Daily Values
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Food Labels
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The FDA allows only 7 specific claims to be added to a jproduct. What i sthis called?
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Health Claims
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Avoiding Nutritional Hazards Food Labels
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Terms such as low, high, and free must meet specific definitions. What is this called?
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Descriptors.
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Avoiding Nutritional Hazards Food Labels
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What are substances added to a food to increase its flavor, shel life, or characteristics such as texture, color, and aroma?
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Food Additives
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What Food Additives are used to maintain or enhance a foods nutritional value?
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Adding:
VITAMINS, MINERALS, FIBER |
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What Food Additives may be added to maintain a food's quality?
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Adding:
ANTIOXIDANTS, add to shelf life, decreasing micro-organisms. |
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What Food Additives are used in processing, transporting or holding a food together?
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MAYONAISE, FLOUR
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What Food Additives are used to improve the way a good tastes, loods, and smells?
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ARTIFICIAL FLAVORS(taste)
ARTIFICAL COLORS (looks) SWEETNERS(smells) |
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What are the 4 MAIN Food Handling Guidelines used to decrease the risks of food-bourne diseases?
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*Preventing cross-contamination. *Safe Food Preparation. * Safe Cooling and Reheating. * Food Service & Display correct temp/time.
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Hot Food should be held above what temperature?
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Above 140 Degrees F
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Cold Food should be held at what temperature?
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40 Degrees or lower
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Leftovers shoudl be reheated at what temperature before they are tasted?
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165 Degrees
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FOOD IRRADIATION:
X-Rays: Gamma Rays (Doesn't make food radioactive)is used for what benefits-vs-undesirable effects? |
BENEFITS: destroys bacteris, kills pests, eliminates need for chemical fumigation, extends shelf live by inactivating organisms & delaying ripenng & sprouting.
UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS: reduces vitamin content, presence of URPs, |
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