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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exteroreceptive receptor
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responds to stimuli from external environment
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Proprioceptive receptors
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responds to body position in space
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Interroceptive receptors
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responds to internal changes (homeostasis)
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Mechanoreceptors
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Responds to tapping, touch, vibration, stretch
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What are the 2 types of mechanoreceptors
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tactile and position
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Thermoreceptors
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respond to temperature change
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Nociceptors
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Also pain receptors/free nerve ending
Responds to any stimulus at a magnitude to cause damage |
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Electromagnetic receptors
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respond to light energy (rods and cones)
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chemoreceptors
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respond to chemical changes (glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide)
Interoreceptors |
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Tonic speed
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Slowly adapting. Info transmitted to brain as long as stimulus is present.
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Example of Tonic speed receptors
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Muscle spindles and pain receptors (Free nerve ending)
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Phasic adaptation
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Rapidly adapting. Fires then fires again ONLY when stimulus changes
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Examples of phasic adaptation
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Meissner's, Pacinian, Peritrichial Plexi (hair end organs)
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Types of Tactile Receptors
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Meissner
Merkel Pacinian Ruffini Peritrichial Plexi (hair end organ) |
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Describe Meissner receptor
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Tactile receptor
Found in epidermis of non-hairy skin (glabrous) Most superficial Found mostly in finger pads Smallest receptive fields Rapidly adapting Light touch & Stereognosis Low frequency vibration |
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Describe Merkel's receptor
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Tactile receptor
Smooth and hair skin Encapsulated endings Slowly adapting Iggo dome receptor Discriminative touch - 2 pt discrimination |
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Describe Pacinian receptor
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Tactile receptor
Lies deep in dermis Onion-like layers act as "turn off" system to touch stimulus Rapidly adapting High frequency vibration, and possible tickle |
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Describe Ruffini Endings
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Tactile Receptor
Found in dermis and joints Hooks onto Collagen fibers Slow adapting Continuous touch and pressure signals Uniformly distributed throughout hand Responds to skin being stretched Edematous= significant reduction in finger dexterity |
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Peritrichial Plexi
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Hair end organ
Tactile Receptor Deflection of single hair deforms the plexus initiating electrical message along afferent fibers Rapidly adapting Alerting and orienting human to environment (mosquito) iff aware |
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Position receptor
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Static and rate of movement
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Types of position receptors
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Proprioception
Kinesthesia |
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Proprioception
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Type of position receptor
Sense of static position |
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Kinesthesia
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Type of position receptor
Movement |
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What receptors are most responsible for detecting rapid rates of movements
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Muscle spindle
Pacinian |
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What receptors are most responsible for detecting fast vibration
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Pacinian
Muscle Spindle |
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During kinesthesia, what receptor is most responsible at mid range?
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Muscle spindles
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During kinesthesia, what receptor is most responsible at extremes of joint angulation
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Pacinian
GTO Ruffini Endings |
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Where are pain receptors found?
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Superficial layer of skin
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What is the stimuli for pain receptors?
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Mechanical, thermal or chemical
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What are the characteristics of fast pain
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Sharp- Electric
Sent via A fibers Mechanical and thermal |
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What are the characteristics of slow pain
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Burning- aching-chronic
Sent via C fibers Mechanical, thermal, and chemical |
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Examples of chemical stimuli
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Bradykinin
Histamine Seortonin Potassium ions Acetycholine |
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What pathway uses Group Ia fibers (A alpha myelinated)
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Spinocerebellar pathway
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A alpha myelinated fiber neurons is the same as
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Group Ia and Ib
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A beta myelinated fiber neurons are the same as
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Group II
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A delta (smallest) myelinated fiber neurons are the same as
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Group III
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Unmyelinated C fiber neurons are the same as
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Group IV
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Muscle spindles utilizes what type of fiber neuron
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Group Ia
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GTO utilizes what type of fiber neuron
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Group Ib
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What pathway utilizes Group II fiber neurons
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Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal pathway
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What type of receptors utilizes Group II fiber neurons
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Mechanoreceptors
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What pathway utilizes Group III fiber neurons
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Lateral spinothalamic pathway
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What type of receptors utilizes Group III fiber neurons
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Free nerve endings: A pain
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What stimulus travels in the Group III fibers neurons
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Sharp pain
cool temperature Itch |
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What pathway utilizes Group IV fiber neurons
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Lateral spinothalamic pathway
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What type of receptor utilizes Group IV fiber neurons
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Free Nerve Endings
C Pain |
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What type of stimulus travels in the Group IV fiber neurons
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dull pain
warm temperature itch |
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What ascending pathways are within the anterolateral system
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Anterior spinothalamic
Lateral spinothalamic Spinoreticular Spinotectal |
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What ascending pathways are within the Dorsolateral system
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Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus
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What ascending pathways are within the Cerebellar system
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Dorsal Spinocerebellar
Ventral spinocerebellar Cuneocerebellar Rostal Spinocerebellar |
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What modalities (stimulus) does the anterior spinothalamic pathway carry
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crude touch
pressure |
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What modalities (stimulus) does the lateral spinothalamic pathway carry
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pain
temperature |
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What modalities (stimulus) does the Spinoreticular pathway carry
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emotional pain
arousal aspects of pain |
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What modalities (stimulus) does the Spinotectal pathway carry
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goes to superior colliculi
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What modalities (stimulus) does the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus pathway carry
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touch
2 point discrimination Vibration |
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What modalities (stimulus) does the Dorsal Spinocerebellar pathway carry
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Uncnscious proprioception LE
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What modalities (stimulus) does the Ventral Spinocerebellar pathway carry
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Unconscious proprioception LE
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What modalities (stimulus) does the Cuneocerebellar pathway carry
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Unconscious proprioception UE
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What modalities (stimulus) does the Rostal Spinocerebellar pathway carry
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Unconscious proprioception UE
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Excitatory Neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine
Glutamate/Aspertate Substance P Enkcephalins |
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Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
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Norepinephrine
Dopamine Serotonin GABA Glycine |
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What is the process of transduction from Stimulus to CNS
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1. Stimulus changes membrane permeability
2. Depolarization 3. Generator Potenial 4. Iff threshold met, potential generated to first node of Ranvier 5. Iff large enough, action potential to CNS |
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What fibers conducts fast pain
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A fibers
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What fibers conduct slow pain
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C fibers
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What chemical is most responsible for pain associated with tissue damage
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Bradykinin
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What fiber type is associated with the Spinocerebellar pathway
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Group 1 (A alpha myelinated)
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What receptor is associated with the Spinocerebellar pathway
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Muscle spindle
GTO |
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What modality is associated with Spinocerebellar pathway
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Unconscious proprioception
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What fiber type is associated with Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal pathway
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Group 2 (A beta myelinated)
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What receptor type is associated with Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal pathway
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Mechanoreceptors
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What modality is associated with Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal pathway
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Touch
Vibration 2 point discrimination Stereognosis |
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What fiber type is associated with Lateral Spinothalamic pathway
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Group 3 (A delta myelinated)
Smallest |
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What receptor type is associated with Lateral Spinothalamic pathway
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Nociceptor or Free Nerve Endings
A pain |
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What modality is associated with Lateral Spinothalamic pathway
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Pain/cool temperature
Itch |
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What fiber type is associated with the C pain for Lateral Spinothalamic pathway
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Group 4 (Unmyelinated C fibers)
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Where are first order ascending neurons located
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dorsal root ganglia
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What type of neuron are first order ascending neurons
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Pseudo or unipolar
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Where are the cell bodies of 2nd order ascending neurons located
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Either in the spinal cord or the medulla
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What part of the CNS does ascending info go into
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Contralateral
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Where are the cell bodies of 3rd order ascending neurons located
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In the ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus of the Thalamus
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Where does the axons of 3rd order neurons synapse to
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To the pareital somatosensory cortex THROUGH the Posterior Limb of internal capsule
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What Conscious proprioception is transmitted through the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal pathway
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Static position sense
Kinesthetic sense Vibration Trigeminal Lemniscus conveys these sensation for face |
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What is the purpose of the branches of the 1st order ascending neurons in the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal pathway
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To modulate pain transmission
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Where does the first synapse of the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal pathway occurs
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Substantia gelatinosa & Nucleus proprius of dorsal gray horn
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