Neuroanatomy Test 1- Part 2- Divisions Of The Ns And Gross Anatomy Of Brain

Front 1

What type of symmetry does the brain have?

Back 1

bilateral, on either side of the midline

Front 2

what are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

Back 2

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

Front 3

CNS

Back 3

inside the bony structures- brain and spinal cord

Front 4

PNS

Back 4

outside bony stsructures- cranial and spinal nerves. However, they originate inside the bony structures

Front 5

what are the functional divisions of the nervous system?

Back 5

based on what it does. They are the somatic and the autonomic nervous system.

Front 6

somatic nervous system

Back 6

voluntary, sensory/motor

Front 7

autonomic nervous system

Back 7

involuntary life processes

Front 8

What are the four major divisions of the nervous system?

Back 8

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord

Front 9

what is another name for the cerebrum

Back 9

telencephalon

Front 10

Cerebrum- anatomy (general), and what are the three parts?

Back 10

- left and right hemispheres
- joined by corpus callosum
- genu, body, splenium
- ventricles- 2 large in each hemisphere

Front 11

Brainstem- where is it?

Back 11

below the cerebrum

Front 12

The brainstem is divided into how many pieces? What are they?

Back 12

4- the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Front 13

the midbrain is continuous with what?

Back 13

the diencephalon

Front 14

pons

Back 14

"bridge", joins cerebellum and cerebrum. Also joins cerebrum with the spinal cord.

Front 15

medulla oblongata is continuous with what?

Back 15

the spinal cord

Front 16

What are the three major functions of the brain stem?

Back 16

1. relay station connecting cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord
2. integrate important visceral functions
3. integrate motor functions

Front 17

Cerebellum- what does it do?

Back 17

- "plant manager" of motor activity
- maintain balance, smooth muscle movement
- coordinator in motor efferent muscle systems

Front 18

What three areas does the brainstem connect?

Back 18

the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

Front 19

Spinal Cord

Back 19

- connects the brain and the body
- integrates motor activity (esp. reflex)
- reflex happens before brain gets signal
- receives info- sends signals- ascending and descending

Front 20

The cerebrum is covered with what?

Back 20

the meninges

Front 21

What are the three meninges?

Back 21

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

Front 22

Dura Mater

Back 22

- outermost layer, protective, forms partition between two hemispheres

Front 23

Arachnoid mater

Back 23

- delicate, attached to inner surface of dura
- has subarachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Front 24

Trabecula

Back 24

colums that separate Arachnoid Mater from Pia.

Front 25

Cistern

Back 25

spaces in the membrane between the Arachnoid and Pia Mater

Front 26

What is in the cistern that reasborbs cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 26

arachnoid villi

Front 27

Pia Mater

Back 27

- deepest, delicate, in nooks and crannies
- attached by a huge network of blood vessels

Front 28

Foramen of Magendie and Foramina of Luschka

Back 28

Holes in the Pia of the 4th ventricle that allow the cerebrospinal fluid to exit and flood the brain.

Front 29

What is the outer cortical layer/surface of the brain called?

Back 29

the cerebral cortex

Front 30

What two things make up the internal subcortical layer of the brain?

Back 30

1. Basal Ganglia
2. Diencephalon

Front 31

What is the largest group of gray matter in the Diencephalon?

Back 31

the Thalamus

Front 32

What is the fissure that separates the two hemispheres called?

Back 32

longitudinal cerebral fissure

Front 33

What connects the two hemipheres of the brain?

Back 33

corpus callosum

Front 34

Gryus, or gyri (plural)

Back 34

visible portion of the brain (on outside)

Front 35

Sulcus

Back 35

shallow fold

Front 36

Fissure

Back 36

deeper fold

Front 37

What % of the cortex is on the surface and what % is hidden from view?

Back 37

30% is on the surface, 70% is hidden from view

Front 38

What is the average thickness of the cortex, and what are the thickest and thinnest part?

Back 38

average: 2.5 mm, thickest: 4.5 mm, thinnest- 1.45-2mm

Front 39

What portion is the thickest and what portion is the thinnest in the cortex (as far as function)?

Back 39

the motor is the thickest and the visual is the thinnest

Front 40

What does the cortex do?

Back 40

- understanding of human bx, memory, thinking
- reasoning, speech/language, motor, verbal, auditory, concious voluntary activity, psychological bx.

Front 41

The cortex is intimately connected with what?

Back 41

the subcortical layers

Front 42

In the analogy of executive, plant manager, and worker, what structures would coordinate to these titles?

Back 42

executive= cortex, plant manager= sub cortical areas, worker=spinal cord

Front 43

What are the three types of cells inside the cortex?

Back 43

pyramidal, stellate, and fusiform

Front 44

pyramidal cells

Back 44

primary cells, motor. in the cortex. Projection fibers, association fibers, and some commissural fibers originate from.

Front 45

stellate cells

Back 45

tiny interneurons in the cortex.

Front 46

fusiform cells

Back 46

spindle cells in the cortex

Front 47

What are the three types of fibers in the cortex?

Back 47

projection fibers, commissural fibers, association fibers

Front 48

Projection Fibers

Back 48

- originate in giant pyramidal cells
- fibers to brain stem and spinal cord
-"corticospinal"

Front 49

commissural fibers

Back 49

- some start as giant pyramidal cells
- some make up corpus callosum
- from one hemisphere to another- has the two "talk" to eachother

Front 50

association fibers-
where do they originate?
where do they connect/communicate?
What is an example?

Back 50

- originate in pyramidal cells
-connect within same hemisphere
- arcuate fasciculus is an example.
- communicate within the same hemisphere- from one cortical area to another