Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what does the telencephalon become? diencephalon? mesencehpalon? met encephalon? mylencephalon?
|
- telencephalon: cerebral hemisphere
- diencephalon: thalmus & hypothalmus - mesencephalon: midbrain - metencephalon: pons - myelencephalon: medulla |
|
|
what are the two important signaling factors for neurogenesis & gliogenesis in neural tube differentiation?
|
- roof: BMPs
- ventral: SHH |
|
|
where are microglia derived from? what do they do?
|
- derived from mesoderm not ectoderm
- involved in disease response |
|
|
what are the 4 types of macroglia and what do they do?
|
- astroglia: homeostasis
- oligodendrocyte: myelin - polydendrocyte: oligodendrocyte precursor cells - ependymal cells: form ventricles produce CSF |
|
|
what is the order of neurogenesis cells during development? what kind of signaling are they dependent on?
|
- neurons --> astrocytes --> oligodendrocytes
- dependent on intrinsic signaling & extrinsic growth factors |
|
|
what does the radial glial cell do?
|
- early differentiated neurons migrate out and make the radial glial cell
- radial glial cells are progenitors for making oligodendocytes & astrocytes |
|
|
what happens to the neuron as it migrates out further from the ventricular zone on the radial glial fiber?
|
- it becomes more differentiated and more mature
|
|
|
what does H&E vs nissl staining show you? what do you see with degeneration?
|
- H&E shows you the cytoplasm & nucleus
- Nissl shows you the rER & RNA granules - see chromatolytic changes with degeneration |
|
|
what does a Weil's stain look at?
|
- myelin
|
|
|
what does a Golgi & Cajal (silver) stain look at?
|
- axons/dendrites
|
|
|
what does silver staining look for (Nauta, Fink-Heimer)?
|
- degenerating cells
|
|
|
where are pyramidal cells important & what do they look like?
|
- they are important in the hippocampus
- they have basal dendrite feeding back to the somite & they have apical branches feeding back to the other dendrites |
|
|
what is a dendritic spine?
|
- little projections off of the dendrite that is often the site of synaptic signaling
|
|
|
what are fibrous vs protoplasmic asrocytes?
|
- fibrous: simplified processes & more common in white matter
- protoplasmic: lots of processes, seen in grey matter |
|
|
what is interesting about the astrocytic AP?
|
- it is Ca dependent
|
|
|
where are astrocytes located?
|
- inbetween the capillaries & the neurons
- take up nutrients from the capillaries that can be transported into the neurons |
|
|
what is the glutamate-glutamine cycle?
|
- release of glutamate taken into astrocytes --> converted by glutamine synthetase to glutamine --> sent into neuron & converted to glutamate via glutaminase
- then glutamate is packaged into vesicles for next release |
|
|
what is the tripartite synapse referring to?
|
- astrocytes might also have receptors for NTs such as glutamate
- there are pre & post & perisynpatic responses |
|
|
who forms glial scars?
|
- astrocytes will form these to stop things from spreading, release cytokines to induce microglial response
|
|
|
who is responsible for phagocytosis of amyloid plaques and other things in the brain?
|
- microglial cells
|
|
|
who are microglial cells derived from?
|
- circulating monocytes
|
|
|
what is needed to induce activation of a synapse?
|
- astrocytes
|
