Neuropsychology

Front 1

PRECENTRAL GYRUS

(PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX)

/ frontal lobe /

Back 1

- involved in execution of movements

Front 2

THALAMUS

(forebrain, diencephalon, brainstem*)

Back 2

- PROJECTS INFORMATION to the CORTEX

- responsible for focusing on stimuli

Front 3

HYPOTHALAMUS

(forebrain, diencephalon, brainstem*)

Back 3

- nerves and hormones; regulate hormone release of pituitary gland

DAMAGE:

- abnormalities in MOTIVATED BEHAVIOURS (eating, drinking, sex, activity level, etc.)

- hormonal behaviour, circadian rhythms, sleep levels

Front 4

EPITHALAMUS

(forebrain, diencephalon, brainstem*)

Back 4

- not much is known but it is related to pineal body and the control of seasonal body rhythms

Front 5

CEREBELLUM

(hindbrain only, separate structure)

Back 5

Important for:

1. Balance and coordination

2. Rhythm and timing

Damage results in:

1. Inability to shift between different stimuli

2. Motor skill impairments

3. Loss of equilibrium

4. Postural reflexes

Front 6

RETICULAR FORMATION

Back 6

- network of pathways from spinal cord to brainstem to forebrain

Front 7

THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

(forebrain, cortex)

Front 8

HEMISPHERES & LOBES

Back 8

- left and right hemisphere separated by the LONGITUDINAL fissure

- frontal lobe divided by LATERAL FISSURE (inferiorly), CINGULATE SULCUS (medially), CENTRAL SULCUS (posteriorly)

Front 9

LATERAL FISSURE

Back 9

- divides frontal and parietal lobe from temporal lobe

- divides temporal lobe dorsallyF

Front 10

FOUR (4) MAJOR GYRI IN THE FRONTAL LOBE

Back 10

Superior frontal

Middle frontal

Inferior frontal

Precentral gyrus

Front 11

CORPUS CALLOSUM

Back 11

- links two hemispheres together

- acts as a bridge for contralateral functions of the brain hemispheres

Front 12

LIMBIC SYSTEM

(forebrain)

Back 12

- border the brainstem

Functions:

1. Emotion/Motivation

2. Memory

3. Pleasure/Pain

Components:

1. Cingulate gyrus - above corpus callosum, bridged to hypothalamus

2. Amygdala

3. Hippocampus

4. Olfactory bulb

5. Hypothalamus* (?)

Front 13

BASAL GANGLIA

(forebrain)

Back 13

Components:

1. Caudate nucleus

2. Putamen

3. Globus pallidus

Damage results in:

1. Movement difficulties (e.g. Parkinson's disease) - contributes to smooth movement, so damage can result in TREMORS, POSTURAL DIFFICULTIES, etc.

2. Habit learning

3. Learning and remembering HOW to do stuff

4. Other cognitive functions

Front 14

BASAL GANGLIA [continued]

(forebrain)

Back 14

Damage results in:

1. MOVEMENT DIFFICULTIES (e.g. Parkinson's disease) - contributes to smooth movement, so damage can result in TREMORS, POSTURAL DIFFICULTIES, etc.

2. Habit learning

3. Learning and remembering HOW to do stuff

4. Other cognitive functions

Front 15

NUCLEUS BASALIS

(forebrain)

Back 15

- receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons to trigger release of ACETYLCHOLINE in the cotex

- contributes to system for AROUSAL, WAKEFULNESS, ATTENTION (sleep cycle)

- affects people with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's

Front 16

LIMBIC SYSTEM [tracing]

Back 16

Cingulate gyrus -> hippocampus -> amygdala -> hypothalamus

Emotional brain's circuit of info:

thamalus -> cingulate cortex (because the thalamus projects info to the cortex, and cingulate is a kind of cortex) -> cingulate cortex -> hippocampus and amygdala (translate into emotional response) -> back to thalamus for processing

Front 17

CINGULATE GYRUS

(limbic system, forebrain)

Back 17

- integration center of the limbic system

- receives info from the thalamus

Front 18

HIPPOCAMPUS

(limbic system, forebrain)

Back 18

- storage of new memories

- produces new neurons periodically (for new memories?)

Front 19

AMYGDALA

(limbic system, forebrain)

Back 19

- emotional responses?

- e.g. fear response?

Front 20

HINDBRAIN

Back 20

Components:

1. Medulla oblongata

2. Pons

3. Cerebellum

Front 21

PONS

(brainstem, hindbrain)

Back 21

- Responsible for decussation

- Contains areas responsible for coordination of senses (e.g. why the cranial nerves are there)

Front 22

MEDULLA

(brainstem, hindbrain)

Back 22

- Vital functions and reflexes

- Life-supporting functions

- Can't live without it!

Front 23

RETICULAR FORMATION

Back 23

Components:

1. Ascending portion - sends output to cortex, increases ATTENTION and AROUSAL

2. Descending portion - responsible for motor areas in spinal cord

Front 24

CRANIAL NERVES

Back 24

I-XII

I to IV are motor (found in midbrain and forebrain)

V to XII are sensory (found in hindbrain, medulla and pons specifically)

Front 25

RETICULAR FORMATION [continued]

Back 25

Contain RAS (Reticular Activating System)

Connected to WAKEFUL CONSCIOUSNESS

Front 26

RAPHE SYSTEM

(hindbrain)

Back 26

Also contained by medulla and pons

- Responsible for READILY REACTION TO STIMULI

- sends axons to much of the forebrain, so when stimulated, gagawa ng reaction yung forebrain

Front 27

NUCLEUS BASALIS

(forebrain, part of basal ganglia?)

Back 27

- Releases ACETYLCHOLINE for the sleep cycle

- Arousal, wakefulness, and attention

Front 28

SLEEP CYCLE COMPONENTS

Back 28

1. Hypothalamus

2. Nucleus basalis

3. Reticular formation???

Front 29

MENINGES

Back 29

Only part of brain with PAIN RECEPTORS

- Meningitis

Front 30

VENTRICLES

Back 30

- One in each half

- Third ventricle in diencephalon <brainstem>

- Fourth ventricle in hindbrain* (? where, specifically?)

Choroid plexus inside produces CSF for cushioning (ependymal cells?)

Front 31

LOBES OF THE BRAIN

Back 31

1. Frontal

2. Parietal

3. Occipital

4. Temporal

Front 32

FRONTAL LOBE

functions and components

Back 32

MOTOR FUNCTIONS

1. Premotor cortex - planning of movement

2. Motor cortex - execution of movement

3. Prefrontal cortex - intentions of movement

Front 33

PREMOTOR CORTEX

(frontal lobe)

Back 33

- Plans and selects movement

1. May be through environmental cues (lateral areas)

2. May be through internalized knowledge (supplementary motor cortex)

Front 34

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

(frontal lobe)

Back 34

Functions:

- Intentions and appropriate movements

- Also contains working memory, remembering a recent stimulus, DECISIONS and PLANNING, super higher order siya

- Based on either temporal memory or context

Defects:

- Delayed reactions

- No sense of outcome of behaviour

Front 35

MOTOR CORTEX

(frontal lobe)

Back 35

Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) for FINE MOVEMENTS

Front 36

Supplementary motor cortex

(frontal lobe, part of premotor cortex, NOT primary because it's SUPPLEMENTARY)

Back 36

- selects behaviour based on internalized knowledge

Front 37

FRONTAL LOBE

major functions

Back 37

- HIGHEST ORDER FUNCTIONING

- endpoint of VISUOMOTOR and OBJECT RECOGNITION functions

- Self-regulation and appropriate behaviour

- MOVEMENT and MEMORY too

Front 38

FRONTAL LOBE

lesions and damage

Back 38

Results of damage to frontal lobe:

1) Disturbance of motor functions

2) Inappropriate behavior

3) Loss of divergent thinking

4) Impaired response inhibition (cannot contain responses -> inappropriate/unregulated behaviour)

5) Poor temporal memory

Front 39

FRONTAL LOBE

lesions and damage in separate hemispheres

Back 39

1. Left frontal lesions (right-handedness)

- impairs LANGUAGE and MOVEMENT

2. Right frontal lesions (left-handedness)

- impairs nonlanguage functions such as EMOTION and maybe object recognition* (?)

Front 40

TEMPORAL LOBE

functions

Back 40

- Mainly for AUDITION and auditory processing

- But also used for higher order VISION and (facial) RECOGNITION as well as perceiving movement

- Emotional and motivational behaviour as well

- In most cases, left temporal lobe is impt for understanding SPOKEN language (bc audition, get it)

Front 41

TEMPORAL LOBE

components & functions

Back 41

1. Superior temporal gyrus - auditory processes

2. Inferior temporal cortex - visual processes

3. Amygdala - integrates the two into EMOTION

4. Hippocampus and associated areas - spatial navigation and object MEMORY

Front 42

TEMPORAL LOBE

lesions & damage

Back 42

Damage to the temporal lobe can result in:

1. Hallucinations and delusions (both auditory and visual)

2. Kluver-Bucy syndrome - loss of fear, not sure what actually causes this

Front 43

OCCIPITAL LOBE

functions

Back 43

- Mainly for VISION

- Perceive visual stimulus from the eyes, also involved in RECOGNITION and MENTAL ROTATION

Front 44

OCCIPITAL LOBE

damage & lesions

Back 44

Cortical blindness

- damage in one part of the visual field from contralateral hemisphere

Front 45

OCCIPITAL LOBE

components & functions

Back 45

Primary visual cortex

- located at the posterior of the occipital lobe

Front 46

PARIETAL LOBE

functions

Back 46

- proprioception

- somatosensory input

- pressure perception, touch receptors, muscle receptors, joint receptors

- also involved in MOVEMENT because of sensory stuff, need to sense your surroundings for SPATIAL BEHAVIOUR

- additionally, also related to numerical information

Front 47

PARIETAL LOBE

components & functions

Back 47

Primary somatosensory cortex

- Also called the postcentral gyrus

- Right beside the central sulcus, very much beside the precentral gyrus