Neuromuscular And Nervous System Part 1

Front 1

Functions of Left Hemisphere

Back 1

1. Language

2. Sequence and perform movements

3. Produce written and spoken language

4. Analytical

5. Controlled, logical

6. Mathematical calculations

7. Express positive emotions

Front 2

Functions of Right Hemisphere

Back 2

1. Nonverbal processing

2. General, holistic views

3. Artistic abilities

4. Mathematical reasoning

5. Negative emotions

6. Body image awareness

7. Hand-eye coordination

Front 3

Hippocampus

Back 3

Responsible for forming and storing new memories for one's personal history

Front 4

Basal ganglia

Back 4

Responsible for voluntary movement, regulation of autonomic movement, posture, muslce tone, and control

Front 5

Basal ganglia disfunction results in?

Back 5

Parkinson's or huntington's

Front 6

Amygdala

Back 6

Emotional and social processing (fear and pleasure)

Front 7

Thalamus

Back 7

Processing station for sensory information

Front 8

Hypothalamus

Back 8

Regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior

Front 9

Subthalamus

Back 9

Regulating movements produced by skeletal muscles

Front 10

Epithalamus

Back 10

Secretes melatonin

Front 11

Midbrain

Back 11

Relay area for info passing from the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord

Front 12

Components of the Hindbrain

Back 12

Cerebellum

pons

medulla oblongata

Front 13

Cerebellum

Back 13

Maintains posture and balance

Front 14

Pons

Back 14

regulation of respiration

Front 15

Medulla oblongata

Back 15

Regulation of respiratoin and heart rate.

Reflex centers for vomiting, couging and sneezing

Front 16

Components of the Brainstem

Back 16

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

Front 17

Dura mater

Back 17

outer most meninges

Front 18

arachnoid

Back 18

middle meninge

Front 19

pia mater

Back 19

inner most meninge, covers the contours of the brain; forms the choroid plexus

Front 20

Fasciculus cuneatus

Back 20

sensory tract for trunk, neck, and upper extremity proprioception, two point discrimination, and vibration

Front 21

Fasciculus gracilis

Back 21

Sensory tract for trunk and lower extremity proprioception, two-point discrimination, vibration, and graphesthesia

Front 22

Spinocerebellar tract (ventral)

Back 22

sensory tract with ipsilateral subconscious proprioception, tension in muscles, joint sense, posture of the trunk, UE, and LE

Front 23

Spino-olivary tract

Back 23

Relays info from cutaneous and proprioceptive organs

Front 24

Spinoreticular tract

Back 24

the sensory patheway for the reticular formation that influences levels of consciousness

Front 25

Spinotectal tract

Back 25

sensory tract providing afferent info for spinovisual reflexes and assists with movement of eyes and head towards a stimulus

Front 26

Spinothalamic tract (anterior)

Back 26

Sensory tract for light touch and pressure

Front 27

Spinothalamic tract (lateral)

Back 27

Sensory tract for pain and temperature sensation

Front 28

Corticospinal tract (anterior)

Back 28

responsible for ipsilateral voluntary, discrete, and skilled movements

Front 29

Corticospinal tract (lateral)

Back 29

responsible for contralateral voluntary fine movement

Front 30

Reticulospinal tract

Back 30

responsible for facilitation or inhibition of voluntary and reflex active througgh the influence on alpha and gamma motor neurons

Front 31

Rubrospinal tract

Back 31

Responsible for the motor input of gross postural tone, facilitates activity of flexor muscles, inhibits extensor muscles

Front 32

Tectospinal tract

Back 32

Responsible for contralateral postural muscle tone associated with auditory/visual stimuli

Front 33

Vestibulospinal tract

Back 33

Responsible for ipsilateral gross postural adjustments subsequent to head movements; facilitates activation of extensor muscles; inhibits flexor muscles

Front 34

Saltatory conduction

Back 34

an action potential moving along an axon in a jumping fashion from node to node

Front 35

Reflex Grading 0

Back 35

No response=always abnormal

Front 36

Reflex grading 1+

Back 36

diminished/depress response=may or may not be abnormal

Front 37

Reflex grading 2+

Back 37

Normal

Front 38

Reflex grading 3+

Back 38

brisk/exaggerated response=may or may not be abnormal

Front 39

Reflex grading 4+

Back 39

Very brisk/hyperactive;abnormal response

Front 40

Biceps Tendon DTR Spinal level

Back 40

C5-C6

Front 41

Biceps Tendon DTR Procedure

Back 41

support elbow in partial flexion, place thumb over tendon at elbow and strike the hammer through the thumb

Front 42

Brachioradialis Tendon DTR spinal level

Back 42

C5-C6

Front 43

Brachioradialis Tendon DTR procedure

Back 43

Rest hand on lap in sitting with forearm in neutral; strike the radius one to two inches superior to the wrist. Contraction of brachioradialis

Front 44

Triceps tendon DTR spinal level

Back 44

C6-C7

Front 45

Triceps tendon DTR procedure

Back 45

Support the UE through the humerus and allow the lower portion to hang with elbow flexion, strike the triceps tendon directly above the elbow

Front 46

Patellar tendon DTR spinal level

Back 46

L3-L4

Front 47

Achilles tendon DTR spinal level

Back 47

S1-S2

Front 48

Superficial sensation

Back 48

temperature, light touch, pain

Front 49

Deep sensation

Back 49

vibration, kinesthesia, proprioception

Front 50

Cortical sensation

Back 50

Bilateral simultaenous stimulation, stereognosis, twopoint discrimination, barognosis

Front 51

Barognosis

Back 51

Perceive the weight of different objects in hand

Front 52

Deep pain

Back 52

Squeeze the forearm or calf muscle

Front 53

Graphesthesia

Back 53

Identify a number or letter drawn on the skin without visual input

Front 54

Kinesthesia

Back 54

Identify direction and extent of movement of a joint or body part

Front 55

Localization

Back 55

ability to identify the exact location of light touch on the body using a verbal response or gesturing

Front 56

Stereognosis

Back 56

Identify an object without sight

Front 57

Mononeuropathy

Back 57

An isolated nerve lesion

From trauma or entrapment

Front 58

Neuroma

Back 58

Abnormal growth of nerve cells

Front 59

Peripheral neuropathy

Back 59

Impairment or dysfunction of the peripheral nerves

Front 60

Polyneurpathy

Back 60

Diffuse nerve dysfunction that is symmetrical and typically secondary to pathology and not ttrauma

Front 61

Neuropraxia

Back 61

• Mildest form of nerve injury
  
• Nerve conduction is preserve distal and proximal to injury
  
• Recovery in 4-6 weeks
• Pressure injuries are most common

Front 62

Axonotmesis

Back 62

• A more severe grade of injury to a peripheral nerve
  
• Reversibble injury
• Nerve can regenerate distal to the site of the lesion. one mm per day
• Traction, compression, and crush injuries

Front 63

Neurotmesis

Back 63

• Most severe
• Everything is damaged
• Irreversible injury
• Flaccid paralysis
• No recovery

Front 64

Cause of Axillary Nerve Damage

Back 64

fracture of the neck of the humerus; anterior dislocation of the shoulder

Front 65

Cause of musculocutaneous

Back 65

fracture of the clavicle

Front 66

Cause of radial nerve damage

Back 66

Compression of nerve in the radial tunnel, fracture of humerus

Front 67

Cause of Median nerve damage

Back 67

Compression in the carpal tunnel, pronator teres entrapment

Front 68

Cause of ulnar nerve damage

Back 68

Commpression in the cubital tunnel, entrapment in Guyon's canal

Front 69

Cause of Femoral Nerve Damage

Back 69

THA, Displaced acetabular fracture, anterior dislocation of the femur, hysterectomy, appendectomy

Front 70

Cause of Sciatic Nerve Damage

Back 70

Blunt force trauma to the buttocks, THA, Accidental injection to the nerve

Front 71

Cause of Obturator Nerve Damage

Back 71

fixation of a femur fracture, THA

Front 72

Cause of Peroneal Nerve Damage

Back 72

Femur, tibia, or fibula fracture. Positioning during surgical procedures

Front 73

Cause of Tibial Nerve Damage

Back 73

Tarsal tunnel entrapment, popliteal fossa compression

Front 74

Cause of Sural Nerve Damage

Back 74

Fracture of calcaneus or lateral malleolus