Arslp 1.1 Neuro Background Info And Peripheral Nervous System (Pns)

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Neurology

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study of neurological disorders and diaseases and their diagnosis and treatment

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Neuroanatomy

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branch of neurology concerned with the study of structures of the nervous system

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Neurophysiology

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concerned with the study of the function of the nervous system

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Sensory or afferent neurons

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neurons that carry sensory impulses towards the brain

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Motor or efferent neurons

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neurons that transmit impulses away from the brain

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Glial cells or neuroglia

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include astrocytes, oligodendroglia, ependymal cells, and microglia

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Schwann cells and satellite cells

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the glial cells of the Peripheral Nervous system are called this

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Glial cells or neuroglia

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these cells do not transmit nerve impulses and mainly support and protect the nerve cells

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neurons

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the most important type of nerve cells

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1 nerve fibers

2 soma or cell body

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parts of the neuron or nerve cell

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nucleus

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the core of the cell body

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axons and dendrites

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projections of the cell body and specialize in receiving and conducting stimuli

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dendrites

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short fibers that exend from the cell body

receive neural impulses generated from the axons of others cells and trasmit the impulses to the cell body

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axons

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longer fibers than dendrites and have terminal buttons at the tip

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end buttons of axon

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this part of the neuron contains neurotransmitters

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axon

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sends out impulses generated within the neuron; these are sent away from the cell body to other neurons

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myelin sheath

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the white insulated sheath that surrounds many axons of the CNS and PNS

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1 Schwann cells (PNS)

2 ologodendroglia (CNS)

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these provide the myelin around the axon

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Schwann cells

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provide myelin in the PNS

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oligodendroglia

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provide myelin in the CNS

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synapses

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junctions where the neuron communicate with each other

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1 terminal button of one neuron

2 receptive site of another neuron

3 synaptic cleft between the two

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a synapse consists of these 3 parts

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synaptic cleft

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the space between the terminal button and receptive site

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neural transmission

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chemical process of info exchange at the level of the synapse

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neurotransmitter

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a chemical contained within the terminal buttons, helps make contact between two cells by diffusing itself across the synaptic space

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receptors in the postsynaptic membrane

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diffused neurotransmitters are bound to this structure

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diffused neurotransmitter

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may cause the inhibition or excitation of the next neuron

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dopamine and acetycholine

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two important neurotransmitters in the motor system

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1 motor neurons

2 sensory neurons

3 interneurons

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three basic types of neurons

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sensory or afferent neurons

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carry sensory impulses from the peripheral sense organs towards the brain

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motor or efferent neurons

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transmit impulses away from the CNS

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motor or efferent neurons

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these cause glandular secretions of muscle contractions (movement)

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interneurons

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the most common type of neuron in the nervous system

links neurons with other neurons

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interneurons

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plays an important role in controlling movement

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peripheral nervous system

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a collection of nerves outside the spinal column and spine

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peripheral nervous system

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carries sensory and motor impulses back and forth from the brain to various parts of the body

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12 pairs

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no. of pairs of cranial nerves

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31 pairs

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how many pairs of spinal nerves

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31 pairs of spinal nerves

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indirectly involved with speech since they control automatic functions such as breathing

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PNS

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the cranial and spinal nerves are involved in which part of the nervous system

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1 sympathetic

2 parasympathetic branch

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two branches of the autonomic nervous system

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1 cranial nerves

2 spinal nerves

3 autonomic nervous system

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parts of the peripheral nervous system

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1 spinal cord

2 brain

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parts of the central nervous system

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cranial nerves

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which part of the PNS is more directly involved in speech

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I Olfactory

II Optic

VIII Acoustic

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sensory only cranial nerves

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III Oculomotor

IV Trochear

VI Abducens

XI Spinal Accessory

XII Hypoglossal

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Cranial nerves that are motor only

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V Trigeminal

IX Glosspharyngeal

X Vagus

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both sensory and motor craial nerves

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face

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sensory part of the trigeminal nerve

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face

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motor part of the trigeminal nerve

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tongue and pharynx

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sensory part of the glossopharyngeal nerve

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pharynx

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motor part of the glosspharyngeal nerve

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larynx, respiratory, cardiac and gastrointestinal systems

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sensory and motor aspects of the vagus nerve

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foramina

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the cranial nerves exit in which part of the skull;

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brainstem

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where do the cranial nerves emerge from

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corticobulbar tract of the pyramidal system

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where do the cranial nerves receive much of their innervations

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mixed nerves

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they carry both sensory and motor impulses

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I olfactory and II optic

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cranial nerves that are related to the cerebral cortex

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cranial nerves III- IX

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CNs that originate from the brainsteam and innervate the muscles of the pharynx, tongue, larynx, head, neck, and face

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CN I, II, III, IV, and VI

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CNs not involved in speech

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CN I olfactory nerve

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a sensory nerve originating in the nasal cavity and is involved in smell

Front 61

CN II Optic nerve

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a sensory nerve originating in the retina. involved with vision

Front 62

CN III Oculomotor and CN IV Trochlear nerve

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are motor nerves that originate in the midbrain area and innervate muscles corresponding to ey movement

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CN III Oculomotor and CN IV Trochlear nerve

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are motor nerves that originate in the midbrain area and innervate muscles corresponding to ey movement

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CN VI Abducens nerve

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motor nerve that controls eye movement

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CNs V, VII- XII

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CNs involved in speech, language and hearing

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1 ophthalmic

2 maxillary

3 mandibular branches

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CN V's sensory fibers are composed of these 3 branches

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ophthalmic branch of CN V's sensory fibers

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has sensory branches of CN V in the nose, eyes, and forehead

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maxillary branch of the sensory fibers of the CN V

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CN sensory branches from the nose, upper lip, maxilla, upper cheek area, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, nasopharynx, and palate

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mandibular branch of CN V's sensory fibers

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CN V has sensory branches from the mandible, lower teeth, lower lip, tongue, part of the cheeck, and part of the external ear

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mandibular branch of CN V's sensory fibers

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CN this CN and branch also has motor fibers which innervate various jaw muscles, including the temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoids, masseter, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric muscle

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CN V trigeminal nerve

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nerve that is bilaterally innervated so untilater upper motor neuron lesions minimally impact motor functions

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unilateral lesion in CN V

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jaw deviation to the unilateral side is damage to this CN

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bilateral damage to CN V

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CN damage in this causes inability to close the mouth and difficulty chewing

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trigeminal neuralgia

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sharp pain in the facial area that is due to damage to CN V

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sensory fibers of CN VII facial nerve

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CN are responsible for the taste sensation on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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motor fibers of CN VII facial nerve

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innervate muscles important to facial expression and speech

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upper portion of the face

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bilaterally innvervated part of the face

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unilateral UMN lesion CN VII

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CN damage causes paralysis of the lower face

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bilateral UMN lesion in CN VII

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CN causes inability to move their upper and lower face; will often have a mask-like appearance with minimal or no facial expression

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CN VIII acoustic or vestibucochlear nerve

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sensory nerve for balance and hearing

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vestibular branch

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which branch of CN VIII is primarily responsible for maintenance or equilibrium or balance

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acoustic branch

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which branch of CN VIII transmits sensory info from the cochlea of the inner ear to the primary auditory cortex of the brain where it is interpreted

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vestibular branch of CN VIII acoustic nerve

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CN damage causes hearing loss, problems in balance, or both

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CN IX glossopharyngeal nerve

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CN that has sensory, motor, and autonomic components

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CN IX glossopharyngeal nerve

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the sensory component of this nerve assists in processing taste sensations from the poserior thirsd of the tongue

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CN IX glossopharyngeal nerve

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the sensory component of this CN provides general sensation for the tympanic cavity, ear canal, eustachian tube, faucial pillars, tonsils, soft palate and pharynx

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CN IX

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the motor fibers of this CN innervate the stylopharyngeus, a muscle that raises and dilates the pharynx

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pharyngeal plexus

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this innvervates the upper pharyngeal constrictor muscles

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CN IX glossopharyngeal

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lesions in this nerve may create difficulty in swallowing

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CN IX glossopharyngeal

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lesions in this CN may create difficulty in unilateral loss of gag reflex

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CN IX glossopharyngeal

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unilateral lesions in this CN may result in loss of taste and sensation from the posterior third of the tongue

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CN X vagus nerve

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a mixed nerve containing motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers

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motor fiber of CN X vagus nerve

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CN this supply the digestive system, heart, lungs, pharynx, and larynx

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sensory branch of CN X vagus

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CN convey info from the digestive system, heart, trachea, and bronchi

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sensory branch of CN X vagus

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CN transmit pain, touch, and temperature sense from the skin covering the tymapnic membrane and ear canal

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recurrent laryngeal nerve / RLN

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a branch of the vagus neve that regulates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except cricothyroid which is supplied by SLN branch

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RLN branch of CN X vagus

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CN may be damaged during thyroid surgery, resulting in total or partial paralysis of the vocal folds

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pharyngeal branch of CN X vagus

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CN supplies the pharyngeal constrictors

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pharyngeal branch of CN X vagus

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CN supplies the muscles of the velum except tensor veli palatini (CN V trigeminal)

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Superior laryngeal nerve / SLN

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CN branch of CN X vagus that is divided into internal (sensory) and external (motor) branches

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internal branch of the SLN in CN X vagus

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CN receives sensory information from the larynx above the vocal folds

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external branch of SLN of CN X vagus

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CN innervates the cricothyroid muscles and damage to this branch results in the inability to change pitch

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CN XI spinal accessory nerve

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both a cranial and spinal nerve because of its cranial and spinal origin

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spinal root of CN XI

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CN supplies the trapezius and strnocleidomastoid muscles that assist in head and shoulder movement

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cranial fibers of CN XI

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CN innervate the uvula and levator veli palatini muscles of the soft palate

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CN XI

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CN lesions in this nerve may result in neck weakness

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CN XI spinal accessory

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CN lesions in this results to paralysis of sternocleidomastoid, consequently leads to inability to turn the head

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CN XI spinal accessory

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CN lesions in this nerve may result to inability to shrug the shoulders or raise the arm above the shoulders

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CN XII hypoglossal nerve

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CN a motor nerve that runs under the tongue

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CN XII hypoglossal

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CN this nerve supplies all extrinsic tongue muscles except palatoglossus

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CN XII hypoglossal

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CN this nerve supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

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CN XII

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CN lesions to this can result in tongue paralysis, diminished intelligibility, and swallowing problems

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spinal nerves

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can be sensory, motor, or mixed; transmit motor information from the CNS to the muscles and carry info from peripheral receptors to the CNS

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1 efferent and ventral (towards front)

2 afferent and dorsal (towards back)

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the 2 roots the spinal nerves are attached to in the spinal cord

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1 cervical spinal nerves (8 pairs)

2 thoracic spinal nerves (12 pairs)

3 lumbar spinal nerves (5 pairs)

4 sacral spinal nerves (5 pairs)

5 coccygeal spinal nerve (1 pair)

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spinal nerves are divided into these 5 categories

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conus medullarsis

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term where the spinal cord ends at the L1 vertebra

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cauda equina

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lowermost nerves are described as this

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filum terminale

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part of the spine where there are no spinal cord segments

Front 119

autonomic nervous system / ANS

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controls and regulates the internal environment of our bodies with its two branches

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autonomic nervous system / ANS

Back 120

heart beat and blood pressure is controlled by this

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sympathetic branch of ANS

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mobilizes the body for 'flight or flight' situations

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sympathetic branch of ANS

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activation of this branch accelerates heart rate, dilates the pupils, raises BP, and increases blood flow to peripheral body structures (e.g., legs)

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sympathetic branch of ANS

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humans feel emotionally aroused when this is activated

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parasympathetic branch of ANS

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helps bring the body back to a state of relaxation after the body has been mobilized for highly charged situations

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parasympathetic branch of ANS

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humans feels relaxed and calm during activation of this

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autonomic nervous system/ ANS

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does not have direct effect upon speech, language, or hearing but the emotionally aroused/ relaxed states created by this may have effects on parameters of communication