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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is early Alzheimers? |
1. Insidious impairment of higher intellectual function 2. Alterations in mood and behavior |
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What is late Alzheimer's? |
1. Progressive disorientation 2. Memory loss 3. Loss of mathematical and learned motor skills 4. Aphasia |
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What is final Alzheimer's? |
1. Profound disabliity 2. May become incontinent, mute, and/or unable to walk |
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What is the gross morphology of Alzheimer's? |
1. Cortical atrophy with widening of cerebral sulci 2. Comepnsatory ventricular enlargement |
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What is the microscopic appearance of Alzheimer's? |
1. Neuritic plaques 2. Neurofibrillary tangles 3. Progressive neuronal loss 4. Reactive gliosis in periphery of plaques |
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What are neuritic plaques? |
1. Tortuous neuritic processes 2. AB peptide in core 3. Represent damaged axon terminals and neurites |
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What are neurofibrillary tangles? |
1. Bundled filaments in cytoplasm 2. Made up of Tau protein |
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What stain is best for neurofibrillary tangles? |
1. Bielschowsky stain |
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What is cerebral amyloid angiopathy? |
1. Seen in Alzheimer 2. Narrows lumen and causes loss of smooth muscle |
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What is the mechanism behind Alzheimer? |
1. Deposition of AB peptide 2. Due to APP gene |
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How do you dx Alzheimer? |
1. Exclusion 2. R/o: hypothyroidism, vitamin B12 deficiency, drug toxicity, depression, CVD, subdural hematoma, tumor |
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What are the ssx of frontotemporal lobar degeneration? |
1. Personality changes 2. Disinhibition |
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What are the ssx of Pick disease? |
1. Dementia 2. Alterations in personality 3. Language disturbances |
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What is the gross morphology of Pick disease? |
1. Knife-blade atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes |
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What is the microscopic morphology of Pick disease? |
1. Ballooned neurons 2. Pick bodies-- Tau-positive spherical cytoplasmic neuronal inclusion bodies |
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What are the ssx of Parkinson disease? |
1. Diminished facial expression 2. Stooped posture 3. Slowness of voluntary movement 4. Festinating gait 5. Cogwheel rigidity 6. Pill-rolling tremor |
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How do you dx Parkinsons? |
1. Pallor of substantia nigra 2. Lewy bodies--- a-synuclein |
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What is the cause of multiple system atrophy? |
1. Cytoplasmic inclusions of a-synuclein in oligodendrocytes 2. Glial cell pathology in white tracts |
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What tracts are involved in multiple system atrophy? |
1. Striatonigral circuit--- parkinsonism 2. Olivopontocerebellar circuit--- ataxia 3. Autonomic nervous system--- orthostatic hypotension |
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What is the inheritance of Huntington disease? |
1. AD |
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What are the ssx of Huntington disease? |
1. Motor ssx--- chorea 2. Cognitive impairment
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What part of the brain is affected in Huntington? |
1. Caudate nucleus>>>>> putamen 2. Loss of striatal neurons |
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What are the ssx of spinocerebellar degeneration? |
1. Spinocerebellar ataxia
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What is the inheritance of Freidrich ataxia? |
1. AR |
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What are the ssx of Freidrich ataxia? |
1. Gait ataxia 2. Hand clumsiness 3. Dysarthria 4. DM 5. Cardiac disease |
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What is the inheritance of ataxia-telangiectasia? |
1. AR |
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What are the ssx of ataxia-telangiectasia? |
1. Telangiectasias 2. Hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation 3. Increased incidence of hematopoietic malignancies |
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What are the ssx of ALS? |
1. UMN signs 2. LMN signs 3. Asymmetric weakness of the hands
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