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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The most notable differences in spinal cord occur in cervical and lumbar regions and are related to innervation of limbs - these ovoid regions are called _
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Cervical and lumbar enlargements
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Posterior roots are carrying _ information
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afferent - GSA and GVA
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All primary afferents must have cell bodies in _
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ganglia
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Spinal cord tapers to a point - this is _ - this marks the end of nervous tissue - found at the level of _
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Conus medullaris
L2 |
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Extending from the end of spinal cord is modified strand of pia mater called _ - serves to anchor spinal cord within dural sac
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Filum terminale
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On the posterior aspect of spinal cord three deep grooves can be identified - they are _
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Posterior median sulcus
Posterior intermediate sulcus Dorsolateral sulcus |
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There is only one _ and it is located in midline of spinal cord
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Posterior median sulcus
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On either side of posterior median sulcus there is _ and further lateral _
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Posterior intermediate
Dorsolateral |
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On the anterior aspect of spinal cord there is a deep groove situated in midline - _
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Anterior median fissure
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On either side of anterior median fissure there is longitudinal column known as _
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Anterior funiculus
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Medulla oblongata begins just rostral to _ at the level of _
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Spinal cord
Foramen magnum |
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In caudal medulla it is difficult to observe anterior median fissure, this is the result of _ - major site of descending motor axons crossing the midline
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Pyramidal decussation
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On either side of anterior median fissure in medulla there are large bundle of axons called _
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Pyramids (almost pyramidal in shape on cross section)
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An important structure emerges from medulla between pyramid and olive - this is _
This region is called _ |
CN XII
Preolivary fissure |
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Just behind olive there is deep groove called _ - within this groove two CN's emerge - they are _
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Postolivary fissure
CN's IX and X |
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Posterior aspect of medulla is almost entirely covered by _
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Cerebellum
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Removal of cerebellum reveals large diamond shaped depression called _
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Rhomboid fossa
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When you remove cerebellum and look at rhomboid fossa in reality you look at _
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Floor of 4th ventricle
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Roof of 4th ventricle is formed largely by _
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Cerebellum
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Cerebellum is attached to brainstem by _
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Cerebellar peduncles
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Rhomboid fossa is wide and them comes to point - this point is _ - this is the caudal limit of 4th ventricle
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Obex
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In medulla posterior median fissure separates right and left dorsal columns called _
Which one is more medial? |
Fasciculus cuneatus
Fasciculus gracilis Fasciculus gracilis is more medial, fasciculus cuneatus is immediately lateral to it |
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As two posterior columns come to obex they are capped by two small bumps - one associated with each fasciculus, these are called _
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Gracile and cuneate tubercles
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Posterior columns and associated tubercles are involved in relay of _ information from body
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Somatosensory
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Associated with spinal cord and by proximity the medulla is CN _
It arises from _ - ascends upward through _ and jons glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves to leave skull via _ |
XI (spinal accessory)
Upper cervical spinal cord Foramen magnum Jugular foramen |
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Anterior aspect of this structure is rounded and looks like wallnut
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Pons
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Posterior part of pons is called _ - it refers to core of brainstem and extends from medulla to midbrain and into diencephalon
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Tegmentum
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Anterior wallnut portion of pons is called _
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Basilar pons
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At the junction of medulla and pons just off midline you can find CN _
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VI (abducens)
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If you move laterally from CN VI you encounter two more CN's at pons-medullary junction- these are _
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CN VII and VIII
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This structure emerges from lateral recess of 4th ventricle and is responsible for making CSF
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Choroid plexus
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Large nerve emerging from basilar pons slightly more rostral to middle cerebellar peduncle is _
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CN V
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Most prominent and important structure at posterior pons is _
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Facial colliculus
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Facial colliculus is an area where SVE portion of CN VII is in close proximity with _
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GSE fibers of CN VI
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Cerebellum can be roughly broken into median portion _and two _ on either side of it
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Vermis
Lateral hemispheres |
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Most inferior part of each lateral hemisphere of cerebellum is called _
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Tonsil
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Both tonsils of cerebellum are in close proximity with _ what is clinical significance of this
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Posterior aspect of medulla
Clinical siginificance -raising intracranial pressure in posterior cranial fossa will press tonsils on medulla which can compress cardiac and respiratory centers that reside within medulla leading to death - this is called TONSILLAR HERNIATION |
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Directly below middle cerebellar peduncle at the apex of lateral recess is _
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Flocculus
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Most inferior and anterior of lobules of vermis is called _ and forms part of roof of 4th ventricle overlying medulla
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Nodulus
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When vermis is sectioned in saggital plane the organization of white and gray matter of cerebellum appear to form a tree - this is called _
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Arbor vitae (tree of life)
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Most prominent feature of anterior aspect of midbrain are _ - carry information from cerebral cortex to brainstem, spinal cord and cerebellum
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Crus cerebri (cerebral peduncles)
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CN _ exits anterior aspect of midbrain between crus cerebri. This space is called _
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III
Interpeduncular fossa |
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Posterior aspect of midbrain presents four large bumps stacked two on top of two - these collectively are known as _ and correspond to _
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Corpora quadrigemina
Superior and inferior colliculi |
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Extending from inferior colliculus toward diencephalon (and connecting these structures) is _
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Brachium of inferior colliculus
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Posterior aspect of midbrain presents exit for CN _
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IV (trochlear)
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Only CN that exits from posterior aspect of brainstem
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CN IV
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Most caudal parts of midbrain are connected to cerebellum by way of superior cerebellar peduncle and thin sheet of tissue called _
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Anterior medullary velum
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Colliculi of the midbrain together are called _
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Tectum
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Just underneath tectum of midbrain there is ventricular space called _ - very thin, narrow part of ventricular system and common site of blockage
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Cerebral aqueduct
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Diencephalon consists of 4 parts - those are _
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus Epithalamus Subthalamus |
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Pineal gland and habenula are part of _
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Epithalamus
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This region is transitional area between midbrain and thalamus and contains number of structures related to brainstem and forebrain function
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Subthalamus
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Largest part of diencephalon - egg shaped and for most part hidden by cerebral cortex
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Thalamus
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Most posterior aspect of thalamus projects posteriorly and is known as _
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Pulvinar
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Just inferior to pulvinar of thalamus are two bumps that are side by side and are called _
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Medial and lateral geniculate bodies
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Bundle of fibers that serves to connect the left and right thlami are called
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Mass intermedia
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Thalamus extends anteriorly to _ and inferiorly to _
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Interventricular foramen
Hypothalamic sulcus |
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Landmark to distinguish thalamus from hypothalamus
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Hypothalamic sulcus
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At the inferior surface of whole brain between crus cerebri you find two bumps, those are _
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Mammilary bodies
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CN _ is closely related to hypothalamus
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II
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Optic nerve is an outgrowth of _
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Diencephalon
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As optic nerve approaches hypothalamus there is crossing of some fibers within nerve - this is the _
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Optic chiasm
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Posterior to the optic chiasm optic nerve extends to _ and this part of CN is knows as _
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Lateral geniculate body
Optic tract |
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On anterior aspect of diencephalon small stalk like structure is called _
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Infundibulum
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Infundibulum is connected to hypothalamus and is continuous inferiorly with _
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Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
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6 lobes of cerebral cortex
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Frontal
Parietal Occipital Temporal Limbic Insular |
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_ divides cerebral cortex into right and left hemispheres
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Longitudinal sulcus (fissure)
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Extending laterally from central sulcus on each side is prominent sulcus _
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Central sulcus
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_ sulcus is boundary between frontal and parietal lobes
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Central sulcus
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Central sulcus extends laterally and inferiorly to meet with another sulcus _
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Lateral sulcus
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_ sulcus separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe and parietal lobe from temporal lobe
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Lateral
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If lateral sulcus is opened, you can find another deep lobe of cortex - _
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Insular lobe
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Moving posteriorly along surface of longitudinal sulcus you will encounter another prominent sulcus _ - separates parietal from occipital lobes
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Parieto-occipital sulcus
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Moving down to temporal lobe and again passing backwards one will encounter a shallow notch _ - separates temporal lobe from occipital lobe
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Preoccipital notch
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Limbic lobe consists of _
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Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus Uncus |
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Most prominent feature of telencephalon is large band of fibers that serves to connect right and left hemispheres -
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Corpus callosum
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Corpus callosum consists of _
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Rostrum
Genu Body Splenium |
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Makes C shaped loop that surrounds corpus callosum
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Limbic lobe
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Gyrus in front of central sulcus is called _
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Precentral gyrus
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Precentral gyrus is responsible for _
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Primary motor cortex
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Gyrus posterior to central sulcus is called _
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Postcentral
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Postcentral gyrus is responsible for _
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Primary somatosensory cortex
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Inferior bank of lateral sulcus contains _
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Primary auditory cortex
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If you follow lateral sulcus posteriorly until you can go no further you encounter _
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Supramarginal gyrus
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_ gyrus is encountered just behind supramarginal gyrus
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Angular gyrus
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Supramarginal and angular gyri are co-extensive with _
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Wernickes receptive speech area
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Frontal lobe consists of three gyri stacked on top of another - _
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Superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri
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Inferior frontal gyrus has three parts -
_ - most anterior _ apex points down _ |
Pars orbitalis
Pars triangularis Pars opercularis |
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Inferior frontal gyrus corresponds to _ area
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Brocas motor speech area
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Temporal lobe consists of three gyri -
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Superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri
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The inferior temporal gyrus is adjacent (lateral) to _ which is in turn lateral to _
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Occipitotemporal gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus |
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At the most rostral end of parahippocampal gyrus is small protrusion that extends towards midbrain - this extension is called _
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Uncus
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Location of primary visual cortex
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Calcarine sulcus within occipital lobe
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_ gyrus that extends over corpus callosum and contributes to limbic lobe of cerebral cortex
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Cingulated gyrus
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On anterior surface of cerebral cortex you can observe _ CN
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I - olfactory
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This lamina has tightly packed cells and corresponds to SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA found at all spinal cord levels
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LAMINA II
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This lamina extend across gray-H and includes posterior nucleus of CLarke, IML and sacral autonomic nuclei
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Lamina VII
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Funiculus vs fasciculus
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Funiculus contains numerous bundles of axons arising from different places
Fasciculus contains bundle of axons all arising from same place |
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This level of spinal cord is round in cross section, has relatively thick gray-H and relatively sparse white matter
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Sacral
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This level of spinal cord is round in shape, gray-H is relatively large, posterior and anterior horns are enlarged for limbs and white matter is beginning to thicken
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Lumbar
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The overal shape of spinal cord at this level is round although it has smaller diameter then lumbar. Gray H is thin and narrow
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Thoracic
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IML contains _ neurons
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Preganglionic sympathetic
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Round and prominent group of neurons within central regions of gray matter in thoracic level of spinal cord _ - relay _ information from lower limb to cerebellum
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Posterior nucleus of Clarke
Proprioceptive |
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This level of spinal cord on cross section is oval in shape, gray H is large especially anterior horns, funiculi are large
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Cervical
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Accessory nucleus is at _ level of spinal cord
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C1
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Present in brainstem is diffuse region composed of neuronal cell bodies as well as bundles of axons. This regions is called _ Generally when you have identified all nuclei and major fiber tracts everything left over is this
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Reticular formation
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Most caudal section of medulla is at the level of _
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Decussation of pyramids
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Large X shaped region at the anterior aspect of medulla
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Decussation of pyramids
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At the level of decussation of pyramids there is a column of gray matter that is directly continuous with substantia gelatinosa of spinal cord, however in medulla this is called _
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Spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract
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Region of gray matter called _ surrounds central canal of CNS
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Central gray
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Caudal to middle section through the medulla (decussation of posterior columns) contains large prominent accumulation of crumpled gray matter ("squiggly") that is called _
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INFERIOR OLIVE
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After posterior columns fibers reach termination and synapse in posterior column nuclei (cuneatus and gracilis), fibers cross midline and become known as _
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MEDIAL LEMNISCUS
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_ nuclei occupy region at the floor of fourth ventricle near midline but extend laterally
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Vestibular
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_ nuclei extend laterally from the floor of fourth ventricle much like pair of doggy ears
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Cochlear nuclei
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Both vestibular and cochlear nuclei associated with CN _
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VIII
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Just anterior to central gray and immediately off midline at the level of rostral medulla (4th ventricle and cochlear nucleus) you see _ nucleus, just lateral to it is _ nucleus and further lateral is _ nucleus
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Hypoglossal
Dorsal vagal Solitary |
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Nucleus that is located anterior to solitary nucleus and is difficult to localize
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Nucleus ambiguous
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_ is situated laterally under the floor of 4th ventricle and consists of axons entering and leaving cerebellum and will contribute to formation of inferior cerebellar peduncle
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Restiform body
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Region of gray matter that is located antero-medial to facial nucleus _ - an auditory relay center
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Superior olivary complex
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Fibers from facial nucleus run posteriorly over _ nucleus forming _ and the anteriorly where they exit brainstem
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Abducens nucleus
Genu of facial nerve |
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Spot where facial nucleus fibers cross over abducens nucleus can be observed along floor of 4th ventricle - this is _
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Facial colliculus
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Trigeminal motor nucleus contains _ neurons of CN V
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SVE
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Near the lateral wall of 4th ventricle you can see 2 nuclear groups - _ nucleus that looks like bandit mask and nucleus _ - NE secreting neurons
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Mesencephalic nucleus
Nucleus ceruleus |
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Progression fro 4th ventricle to cerebral aqueduct occurs at level of _
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Rostral pons
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If you see axons leaving posterior aspect of brainstem - those are fibers of _
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CN IV
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Section through midbrain at the level of trochlear nucleus will include _ situated posteriorly
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Inferior colliculi
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_ nucleus is situated anterior to central gray surrounding cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain
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Trochlear
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AT the level of midbrain central gray is much expanded and is called _
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Periaqueductal gray
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A section through occulomotor nucleus will also section _
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Superior colliculi
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Situated immediately postero-medial to occulomotor nucleus is pale area that corresponds to _
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Edinger - Westphal nucleus
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Two large projections from midbrain that look like legs are _
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Crus cerebri
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Deep within crus cerebri there is large pale staining region called _ - contains dark pigment - neuromelanin
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Substantia nigra
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Back end of thalamus is called _
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pulvinar
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Just inferior to pulvinar there are two major sensory relay centers - visual and auditory _
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Medial and lateral geniculate bodies
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Pineal gland and posterior commissure are structures of _
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Epithalamus
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Lateral to internal capsule is _
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Putamen
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Just lateral to putamen there is thin band of white matter called _
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External capsule
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External capsule is adjacent to clump of gray matter called _
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Claustrum
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Lateral to claustrum is _
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Extreme capsule
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Just inferior to internal capsule there is an important gray mass _
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Nucleus accumbens
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Medial to internal capsule is _
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Head of caudate nucleus
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Located within lateral wall of each lateral ventricle
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Caudate nucleus
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Two lateral ventricles are separated by narrow sheet of tissue called _
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Septum pellucidum
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Just superior to ventricular system there is large dense bundle of white matter called _
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Corpus callosum
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Dense band of axons that are crossing midline just near anterior aspect of telencephalon is called _ and serves to connect right and left cortices
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Anterior commissure
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At the level of anterior commissure septum pellucidum contains fiber tract called _
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Fornix
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Situated between putamen and internal capsule is _
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GLobus pallidus
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Just anterior to globus pallidus there is gray matter clump called _
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Basal nucleus of Meynert
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When you make section through interventricular foramen it passes through anterior temporal lobe and reveals large well developed mass of gray matter called _
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Amygdaloid complex
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Fornix arises from _
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Hippocampus
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Fornix can be identified at two different regions _
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Septum pellucidum and hippocampus
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