Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Apraxia |
A condition where people can perform only simple movements. Happens after lesion of PMA (premotor area) or SMA (supplementary motor area) |
|
|
Basal ganglia |
collections of neurons in the base of forebrain. Includes caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamus, substantia nigra |
|
|
Caudate |
Nucleus beside lateral ventricles |
|
|
What makes up the striatum? |
Caudate nucleus and putamen |
|
|
cerebellar lesion cause |
ataxia (uncoordinated movements) and intention tremors |
|
|
nucleus ambiguous location |
In the medullary reticular formation Controls lower motor neurons that innervates larynx and pharynx |
|
|
Parkinsons disease is associated with what structure? |
Substantia nigra |
|
|
The motor loop through basal ganglia pathway is |
cortex (m1) to striatum to globus pallidus to thalamus to cortex |
|
|
bradykinesia |
slow movements |
|
|
Akinesia |
difficulty initiating movements |
|
|
Symptoms of parkinsons disease |
bradykinesia, akinesia, rigidity, tremor at rest, dopamine depletion in substantia nigra, caudate and putamen |
|
|
Huntingtons disease symptoms |
Degeneration of caudate, putamen, globus pallidus Hyperkinesia and dyskinesia Chorea: spontaneous and purposeless movements |
|
|
Cerebellum function |
coordinate movements receives input from pons |
|
|
hemiballism |
unilateral flinging hyperkinesia |
|
|
Motor loop through cerebellum |
Cortex -> pons -> cerebellum-> thalamus -> cortex |
|
|
Where are upper motor neurons located? |
From primary motor cortex down the spinal cord. |
|
|
What do upper motor neurons control? |
Somatic (voluntary) movements |
|
|
Where are lower motor neurons located? |
Spinal efferents in ventral horn, include alpha motor neurons |
|
|
What is a motor unit? |
Alpha motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates |
|
|
What is a motor neuron pool? |
All alpha motor neurons that innervate a single muscle |
|
|
What is ALS? (Amyelotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) |
A degenerative disease of the alpha motor neurons |
|
|
What neurons does stretching activate? |
1a afferents, alpha efferents shut off 1a efferents, gamma efferents reactivate 1a afferents |
|
|
What is the reverse myotactic reflex? |
Too much strain inhibits lower motor neuron, preventing overload, allows fine movements |
|
|
What gauges strain on a muscle? |
Golgi tendon organ and 1b afferent nerves |
|
|
Alpha efferents activate what |
1b afferents |
|
|
What is Lou Gehrig’s Disease? |
Loss of voluntary movement (walking, speaking, swallowing) due to loss of lower motor neurons. |
|
|
What are some causes of Lou Gehrig’s Disease? |
Genetics: damage from oxygen (bad glia) Excitotoxicity from glutamate |
|
|
What are the physical properties of a muscle determined by? |
Neurons |
|
|
What are the 3 inputs to alpha motor neurons? |
Input from spinal interneurons, muscle spindles, upper motor neurons in the brain. |
|
|
What are two types of stretch receptors? |
Muscle spindles and 1a afferents |
|
|
What is the myotactic, monosynaptic reflex? |
When the muscle contracts when it is stretched |
|
|
What are 1a afferents typically involved in? |
Reciprocal inhibition |
|
|
Alpha motor neurons innervate what fibers? |
Extrafusal fibers of the motor unit |
|
|
Gamma motor neurons innervate what fibers? |
Intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindle |
