Pt 541 Neuroanatomy Exam 2

Front 1

Which 3 factors determine how quickly somatosensory information is processed?

Back 1

Diameter of axons
Degree of axonal myelination
Number of synapses in the pathway

Front 2

What is perception?

Back 2

The interpretation of sensation into meaningful forms.

Front 3

Where does perception occur?

Back 3

Cerebrum

Front 4

What are 3 general classifications of somatosensory receptors?

Back 4

Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors

Front 5

Which receptors respond as long as a stimulus is maintained?

Back 5

Tonic

Front 6

Which receptors adapt to a constant stimulus and then stop responding?

Back 6

Phasic

Front 7

Nociceptors are sensitive to what kind of stimuli?

Back 7

Stimuli that damage or threaten to damage tissue.

Front 8

How many axons to peripheral sensory neurons have?

Back 8

Two

Front 9

What is the order of conduction velocity of sensory axons?

Back 9

C
A-delta
A-beta (II)
Ib
Ia

Front 10

Which axons conduct impulse from receptor to cell body?

Back 10

Distal

Front 11

Which axons conduct impulse from cell body to spinal cord or brain stem?

Back 11

Proximal

Front 12

Which receptive fields are smaller, distal or proximal?

Back 12

Distal

Front 13

Which peripheral axons deal with proprioception?

Back 13

Ia
Ib
II

Front 14

Where are Ia peripheral axons located?

Back 14

Muscle spindles

Front 15

Where are Ib peripheral axons located?

Back 15

GTO
Ligament receptors

Front 16

Where are II peripheral axons located?

Back 16

Muscle spindles
Paciniform
Ruffini

Front 17

Which peripheral axons deal with cutaneous and subcutaneous touch and pressure?

Back 17

A-beta

Front 18

Where are A-beta peripheral axons located?

Back 18

Meissner's
Pacinian
Ruffini's
Merkel's
Hair Follicle

Front 19

Which peripheral axons deal with pain and temperature?

Back 19

A-delta
C

Front 20

Where are A-delta peripheral axons located?

Back 20

Free nerve endings

Front 21

Where are C peripheral nerve endings located?

Back 21

Free nerve endings

Front 22

Which receptors reacts to muscle stretch?

Back 22

Muscle spindle

Front 23

Which receptors react to tendon tension?

Back 23

GTO

Front 24

Which receptor reacts to ligament tension?

Back 24

Ligament receptors

Front 25

Which receptor reacts to joint movement?

Back 25

Paciniform
Ruffini's

Front 26

Which receptors react to touch and vibration?

Back 26

Meissner's
Pacinian

Front 27

Which receptor reacts to skin stretch?

Back 27

Ruffini's

Front 28

Which receptors react to pressure?

Back 28

Merkel's
Hair follicle

Front 29

Which receptors reacts to tissue damage, temperature, and coarse touch?

Back 29

A-delta

Front 30

Which receptors react to tissue damage, temperature, itch, and tickle?

Back 30

C

Front 31

Which receptors are superficial?

Back 31

Meissner's
Merkel's
Hair Follicles
Free nerve endings

Front 32

Which receptors are subcutaneous?

Back 32

Ruffini's
Pacinian

Front 33

What is external skin that naturally is hairless? It is found on the ventral portion of the fingers, palmar surfaces of hands, soles of feet, and lips?

Back 33

Glabrous Skin

Front 34

Free nerve ending information is carried via which peripheral axons?

Back 34

A-beta
C

Front 35

What is a?

Back 35

Gamma efferents

Front 36

What is b?

Back 36

Striated Muscle

Front 37

What is c?

Back 37

II

Front 38

What is d?

Back 38

Ia

Front 39

What is e?

Back 39

Primary nerve endings

Front 40

What is f?

Back 40

Nuclear chain fiber

Front 41

What is g?

Back 41

Nuclear bag fiber

Front 42

What is h?

Back 42

II

Front 43

What is i?

Back 43

Secondary endings

Front 44

What is j?

Back 44

Gamma efferents

Front 45

Which afferents register quick and tonic stretch?

Back 45

Type I

Front 46

Do primary endings respond tonically or phasically?

Back 46

Both

Front 47

Do secondary ending respond tonically or phasically?

Back 47

Tonic

Front 48

What’s the role of paciniform corpuscles and ruffini’s in joint proprioception?

Back 48

Ruffini’s- signal extremes of joint range and respond more to passive than to active movement
Paciniform- respond to movement, but not when joint position is constant

Front 49

1st order neurons convey information from where to where?

Back 49

Receptors to medulla

Front 50

2nd order neurons convey information from where to where?

Back 50

Medulla to thalamus

Front 51

3rd order neurons convey information from where to where?

Back 51

Thalamus to cerebral cortex

Front 52

How does descriminitive touch from the face differ?

Back 52

The conduction travels directly to the pons then backtracks to the upper and then lower medulla, and then back to the upper medulla, pons, and then the midbrain.

Front 53

Which area does the fasciculus cuneatus relay?

Back 53

Upper body

Front 54

Which area does the fasciculus gracilis relay?

Back 54

Lower body

Front 55

What information is carried in the anterolateral columns?

Back 55

Transmits discriminative information about pain and temperature and course touch.

Front 56

What's the difference between the neo and paleospinothalamic tracts?

Back 56

Both the neospinothalamic and paleospinothalamic tracts process the sensations of pain. Neo deals with fast pain and paleo deals with slow pain.

Front 57

Which primary sensory information is carried contralaterally?

Back 57

Temperature
Pain

Front 58

Which primary sensory information is carried ipsilaterally?

Back 58

Touch
Proprioception

Front 59

What is absence of pain in response to stimuli that would normally be painful?

Back 59

Analgesia

Front 60

What indicates that a single lesion can cause pain to be lost on the side of the face ipsilateral to the lesion and on the opposite side of the body?

Back 60

Crossed analgesia

Front 61

What is a polymodal afferent?

Back 61

The afferent neuron has the feature of having multiple stimulus modalities (e.g. they include free nerve endings).

Front 62

What are the most populous type of neurons whose cell bodies are located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and are responsive to all sensory modalities (thermal, chemical and mechanical) and a broad range of intensity of stimulation from peripheral nerves. They steadily increase their firing rate as the stimulus intensity rises into the noxious range

Back 62

Wide dynamic range neurons

Front 63

What are the 3 types of ataxia?

Back 63

Sensory
Vestibular
Cerebellar

Front 64

Which type of ataxia doesn't get better regardless of lying, sitting or standing?

Back 64

Cerebellar

Front 65

What method exerts pressure on the skin with a monofilament?

Back 65

Tactile Threshold

Front 66

What is gentle poking with a pin interspersed with light touches with the blunt end of the pin?

Back 66

Sharp, fast pain

Front 67

what is light touching of two points on the skin, using smaller distances between the points until the points can no longer be distinguished as separate points?

Back 67

Two-point discrimination

Front 68

What is light touching of both sides of the body simultaneously?

Back 68

Bilateral stimulation touch

Front 69

What is drawing a line (using a dull point) on the the subject's skin?

Back 69

Directional cutaneous kinesthesia

Front 70

What is the test that uses electrical stimulation of the skin over a peripheral nerve with recording of the resulting ectrical activity from the skin over the upper cervical region or from the scalp over the primary somatosensory cortex?

Back 70

Somatosensory evoked potential

Front 71

What is the test that uses ectrical stimulation of the skin over a peripheral nerve and records electrical activity from the skin over another point along the same peripheral nerve?

Back 71

Nerve conduction studies

Front 72

Why does peripheral demyelination often affect proprioception and vibratory sense more severely than temperature discrimination?

Back 72

Demyelination of axons affect most severely proprioception because the large axons
are the most heavily myelinated.

Front 73

What are painful eruptions on the skin in a unilateral single dermatome distribution?

Back 73

Varicella Zoster

Front 74

What is loss of all sensations (except proprioception from the face) from the right side of the face and body. All sensations intact on the left side of the face and body.

Back 74

Lesion of the left posterolateral region of the rostral pons or the midbrain

Front 75

What is complete loss of all sensations bilaterally, below the L2 dermatone (sensation in the L1 dermatome is intact, sensation is impaired in the L2 dermatome)?

Back 75

Complete transection of the spinal cord

Front 76

What is loss of pain and temperature sensation from the left face combined with loss of pain and temperature sensation from the right side of the body?

Back 76

Lesions in the left posterolateral medulla and lower pons

Front 77

What is loss of conscious proprioception, two-point discrimination, and vibration sense bilaterally below the T10 dermatome?

Back 77

Lesion to the dorsal column of spinal cord

Front 78

What is loss of pain and temperature information from the left lower limb below the L4 dermatome, complete loss of discriminative touch and conscious proprioception information from the right lower limb below the L2 dermatome, and loss of voluntary control of the right lower limb below the L2 dermatome?

Back 78

Brown-Sequard syndrome produced by a hemisection of the cord at L2 on the right side

Front 79

What is awareness of stimuli on only one side of the body when both sides of the body are simultaneously stimulated?

Back 79

Sensory extinction

Front 80

What is the role of enkaphalin in the spinal cord?

Back 80

Decrease substance P from primary afferent
Hyperpolarization of spinal interneurons in the pain pathway

Front 81

When the raphe nuclei are stimulated, which neurotransmitter is released at the axon terminal in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

Back 81

Serotonin

Front 82

Where is the Raphe nuclei located?

Back 82

Medulla

Front 83

Where is the periaqueductal gray matter located?

Back 83

Midbrain

Front 84

Where is the locus ceruleus located?

Back 84

Pons

Front 85

Where do non-narcotic analgesics decrease the synthesis of prostoglandins?

Back 85

Periphery

Front 86

Where is the stimulation of opiod receptors and descending inhibition?

Back 86

Periaqueductal gray matter, raphe nuclei, and locus ceruleus

Front 87

Where does hormone regulation occur?

Back 87

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Adrenal Medulla

Front 88

Where are the inhibitory interneurons that release enkephalins controlled from?

Back 88

Dorsal horn of spinal cord

Front 89

What controls expectations, distraction, placebos, and excitement?

Back 89

Cerebral cortex

Front 90

What is the primary precipitating factor in the development of CRPS?

Back 90

Severe, spontaneous pain, out of proprioception to the original injury; disuse of the limb

Front 91

What is sharp pain in the low back immediately after an attempt to lift a heavy object?

Back 91

Acute pain

Front 92

What is a pain caused by a tumor pressing on nociceptors in the spinal cord meninges?

Back 92

Nociceptive chronic pain

Front 93

What is phantom limb pain?

Back 93

Neuropathic chronic pain?

Front 94

What is gallbladder pain perceived as originating in the right subscapular region?

Back 94

Referred pain

Front 95

What type of pain in fibromyalgia?

Back 95

Chronic pain syndrome

Front 96

Muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, and arthritic changes characterize the late stages of what?

Back 96

Complex regional pain syndrome

Front 97

Ectopic foci associated with peripheral neuropathy is associated with what?

Back 97

Tinel's sign

Front 98

Migrain symptoms are thought to be related to amplification of proprioceptive signals in which pathway?

Back 98

Trigeminothalamocortical pathway

Front 99

The cause of pain from tissue damage to physical impairment as a result of LBP consists of which of the following?

Back 99

Muscle guarding
Abnormal Movement
Disuse syndrome

Front 100

What are the 3 type of ataxia?

Back 100

Sensory
Vestibular
Cerebellar

Front 101

What type of ataxia is evident regardless of lying down, sitting, or standing?

Back 101

Cerebellar

Front 102

What is the order in which sensory loss occurs?

Back 102

Fine touch and proprioception
Cold
Fast Pain
Heat
Slow Pain

Front 103

Sensation of pain in response to normally nonpainful stimuli

Back 103

Allodynia

Front 104

Top-down inhibition of pain signals.

Back 104

Antinociception

Front 105

What is the theory that inhibition of nociceptive signals by stimulation of non-nociceptive receptors occurs in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

Back 105

Counterirritant Theory

Front 106

What is the theory of transmission of pain information can be blocked in the dorsal horn by stimulation of large-fiber primary afferent neurons?

Back 106

Gate Theory of Pain

Front 107

What are symptoms of neuropathic pain?

Back 107

Paresthesia
Dysesthesia
Allodynia
Secondary Hyperalgesia

Front 108

What is paresthesia?

Back 108

Nonpainful abnormal sensation, often described as pricking and tingling

Front 109

What is dysesthesia?

Back 109

Painful abnormal sensation, including burning and aching sensations

Front 110

What is secondary hyperalgesia?

Back 110

Excessive sensitivity to stimuli that are normally mildly painful in uninjured tissue