Neuro Science Test #2 (Motor Control)

Front 1

3 levels of motor control

Back 1

1. spinal chord
2. Brain stem and Cerebellum
3. Motor cortex

Front 2

continuous feedback

Back 2

allows motor system to plan movements and make adjustments

Front 3

hierarchical orginaization

Back 3

higher levels (e.g., cortex) can stimulate
lower levels (e.g., at spinal cord) to perform rhythmic
motor patterns (e.g., walking).

Front 4

parallel organization

Back 4

different pathways (e.g., direct and indirect
motor systems; pathways to leg muscles to maintain
balance and to arm muscles to raise arm) carry signals
to produce discrete movements and to control posture.

Front 5

Spinal chord

Back 5

lowest level, The same neurons are involved in discrete, voluntary
movements,Neuronal circuits mediate reflexes (e.g., knee jerk reflex) and
automatic, stereotyped movements

Front 6

Brain Stem

Back 6

Several motor pathways travel from various nuclei in the brain
stem down into the spinal cord to influence movement.
Carry information for reflex control, muscle tone, posture,
and balance.

Front 7

Motor Cortex

Back 7

1. Initiates discrete, voluntary movements through two tracts:
a. corticospinal tract
b. corticobulbar tract

2. Influences motor activity indirectly by its influence on the
indirect motor system/extrapyramidal system (vestibulospinal
tracts, reticulospinal tracts, tectospinal tract, rubrospinal tract).

Front 8

Divisions of Motor System

Back 8

1. Direct motor system
2. Final common pathway
3. Extrapyramidal system / Indirect motor system
4. Control circuits

Front 9

Direct motor system

Back 9

1. Also known as pyramidal system.

2. Consists of upper motor neurons (UMN), which extend from the
motor cortex to the brainstem or spinal cord.

3. Functions in the initiation and control of skilled voluntary
movements.

4. Sends motor signals from cortex directly down to lower motor
neurons (LMNs).

Front 10

Final common pathway

Back 10

1. Consists of lower motoneurons (LMN), which extend from the
brainstem or spinal cord to muscle fibers.

2. Located in nerves (spinal and cranial).

3. Carries motor signals to muscles.

Front 11

Extrapyramidal system / Indirect motor system

Back 11

It is a "complex collection of connections between the cortex and
other structures" (Kuehn et al., 1989, p.43).

2. It functions to control muscle tone, posture, and orientation of
movement in space; it sets the base for the production of skilled
voluntary movements (Murdoch, 1990).

Front 12

Control circuits

Back 12

Two components
a. basal ganglia control circuits
b. cerebellum control circuits

Front 13

Basal ganglia control circuits-

Back 13

Functions in initiation and
maintenance of gross and skilled movements and control of
posture.

Front 14

Cerebellar control circuits

Back 14

a. Interact with the other motor systems to "refine the
accuracy of complex movements [e.g., in speech]"
(Murdoch, 1990); especially involved in coordination.
b. Contribute to "muscle synergy, muscle tone, movement
range and strength, and maintenance of body equilibrium"
(Bhatnagar, 2008).

Front 15

Axial

Back 15

move the trunk

Front 16

Proximal

Back 16

move shoulder, elbow, pelvis, and knee

Front 17

distal

Back 17

move hands, fingers, feet, and toes

Front 18

Motor Equivalence

Back 18

Motor processing begins with an internal representation of the
end result.
a. e.g., forms of letters; basketball arcing toward the
basket; tongue in position for /r/ production (?).
b. Motor equivalence: “the same result can be
accomplished in different ways by the motor systems”
(Kandel et al., 1995).

2. Motor processing continues by “assembling and coordinating
elementary motor components” (Kandel et al., 1995)

Front 19

muscular control

Back 19

phasic and tonic ( these are needed in combination to produce each of the classes of movement

Front 20

phasic control

Back 20

Muscles are stimulated to produce discrete
movements.

Front 21

tonic control

Back 21

Muscles are stimulated to produce steady
contractions; e.g., maintaining a posture; holding head upright
while talking.

Front 22

three classes of movement

Back 22

reflex. rhythmic, and voluntary