Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
holoprosencephaly (HPE)
|
- failure of forebrain to separate into two sides
- genes responsible include Sonic hedgehog (signaling) and TF's SIX3 homeobox, ZIC2 zinc-finger, TGIF homeobox |
|
|
ASPM
|
- abnormal spindle gene
- homozygous mutations lead to microchpaly |
|
|
B-catenin
|
influences neruon cell number by determining number of percursors and causing them to proliferate
|
|
|
dlx1/2
|
TF that does GABAergic interneurons in cortex
|
|
|
filmin
|
- actin binding protein
- if mutated, no migration initiation so neruoblasts accumulate in ventricular zone |
|
|
doublecortin
|
- microtubule associated protein in migrating neurons
- mutations lead to X- linked lissencephaly (double cortex syndrome) |
|
|
POMT1
|
- O-mannosyltransferase 1
- mutations lead to Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) - O-mannosylation defects in critical ECM proteins like dystroglycan |
|
|
reeler mouse
|
- disorganized, inverted cortex
- when there is a disturbance after migration to CP, so assembly into layers is messed up - |
|
|
layer5 projection
|
- if this is messed up, agenesis (lesion) of corpus callosum
- can be asymptomoatic or can mess w/ hemesphere integration |
|
|
FMR1
|
- RNA bp that negatvly regulates critical synaptic proteins
- loss of fcn lead to fragile X - increase spine density, excess of long thing spines |
|
|
ARFGEF 2
|
mutations lead to microcephaly and periventricular heterotopia
|
|
|
FAS impairs what
|
- programmed cell death
- precursor proliferation - neuronal migration - post-migratory differentiation - abnormal frontal lobe, perietal/perisylvian regions |
|
|
Down syndrome impairs what
|
- shortened basilar dendrites
- decrease number of spines - defective cortical layering |
|
|
autism things that are increased
|
- neurotropins (BDNF, NT-4)
- neuropeptides (VIP, CGRF) - reelin |
|
|
NRG1
|
- involved in schizo
- promotes radial migration - attractants tangentially migrating interneurons - establishes radial glial cells and -> astrocytes - promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation - facilitate neurite outgrowth - regulates expression and function NMDA, GABA, and ACh receptor subunits |
|
|
VCFS
|
- velocardiofacial syndrome
- heterozygous deletion of 22q11 - increase shcizo indicence |
|
|
C fibers
|
unmyelinated - do slow burning pain adn sensitization
|
|
|
Adelta fibers
|
slightly myelinated - do fast sharp pain right after injury
|
|
|
sensitization
|
- relases chemicals that decrease nociceptor threshold
- CNS strength chages (increased nociceptor transmission - opiods suppressed |
|
|
where is the grill illustion centered around
|
anterior cingulate gyrus and insula
|
|
|
Posterior parietal syndrome
|
damage to posterior parietal lobe, so pt ignores the contralateral side of their body
|
|
|
opioid peptides
|
- Met-enkephalin
- Leu-enkephalin - Dynorphins - Beta-lipotropin (beta-endorphin - stronger than morphine) |
|
|
Epibatidine
|
a nicotine agonist
ABT-594 is an example a good pain killer |
|
|
Damage to S1
|
- followed by complete contralateral anesthesia
- Gradually, pain and crude touch return, but fine touch usually gone |
|
|
olfactory pathway
|
- oderant receptor neurons
- olfactory bulb neurons - pyriform cotex and amygdala - mediodorsal nucleus (thalmus) and hypothalmus |
|
|
taste pathway
|
- taste cell
- peripheral sensory neuron - 7th, 9th, 10th nerves - solitary nucleus (medulla) - hypothalmus, anygdala, ventral posterion nuclelus (thalmas) |
|
|
7th nerve in taste
|
geniculate ganglion, gets tounge
|
|
|
9th nerve in taste
|
inferior glossophayngeal ganglion, gets tounge
|
|
|
10th nerve in taste
|
nodose ganglion, gets epiglottis
|
|
|
Na, acid and AA tastes
|
activate ligand sensitive channels -> depol
|
|
|
bitter and saccharine tastes
|
activated G-protein -> cAMP or IC Ca release
|
