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251 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What structures may be compromised by a fracture of the neck of the mandible?
maxillary a & v, and auriculotemporal n.
What structures may be compromised by a fracture of the ramus of the mandible?
lingual or inferior alveolar nerves
What structures may be compromised by a fracture of the body of the mandible?
compress inferior alveolar n.a.v.
What is the embryological origin of Schwann cells and PNS neurons?
neural crest
What is the embryological origin of microglia?
mesoderm
What mature CNS cells arise from neuroectoderm (4 types)?
neurons, ependymal cells, oligodendroglia, astrocytes
What parts of the neuron contain Nissl substance? What is Nissl Substance?
It is RER found in the cell body and dendrites (NOT axon)
What is a marker (or stain) for Astrocytes?
GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein.... also found in ependymal cells)
What is the general pathway of the Jaw-Jerk Reflex?
1. stimulus: rapid depression of chin
2. afferent fibers in masseteric n.
3. Mesencephalic (Sensory) nucleus of V --> Motor nucelus of V
4. Efferent: masseteric N
5. Effector: neuromuscular endplates of masseter muscle (contraction)
Unilateral paralysis of the tensor OR levator palati muscles results in what?
deviation of the uvula towards the NORMAL side
What bony structure forms the floor of the orbit?
The ROOF of the maxillary sinus
What is the embryological derivation of the cerebral hemispheres?
Telencephalon
What does the diencephalon become?
thalamus
What does the mesencephalon become?
midbrain
What does the metencephalon become?
Pons & cerebellum
What is the embryological derivation of the medulla oblongata?
myelencephalon
Anencephaly results from the failure of what?
closure of the anterior neuropore
What space is CSF located in?
The subarachnoid space (& ventricles)
What space in the cranium contains the meningeal arteries and veins?
The cranial epidural space
You have an epidural hematoma. What did you cut?
middle meningeal artery
What space do "bridging" veins run withinin in the cranium?
What happens if you cut one of these veins?
subdural space
....subdural hematoma (usually superior cerebral veins)
Blockage of what causes noncommunicating hydrocephalus?
cerebral aqueduct
What causes communicating hydrocephalus?
blockage withing the subarachnoid space (adhesions after meningitis)
What is the platysma innervated by?
facial nerve (cervical branch)
What is the innervation of the SCM?
spinal accessory n
What nerve most be preserved during radical neck dissection?
spinal accessory
What important vessel and nerve are anterior to the anterior scalene?
subclavian vein and phrenic n
What 2 important structures are POSTERIOR to the anterior scalene?
subclavian a
brachial plexus
The omohyoid is innervated by what?
ansa cervicalis
What nerve is located b/w the inferior border of the postererior diagastric m and the tip of the hyoid?
hypoglossal n
Where does the submandibular duct empty?
What nerve surrounds the duct?
the apex of the sublingual caruncle adjacent to the lingual frenulum (in the floor of the mouth)
Surrounded by lingual nerve
What CN supplies GSE fibers to the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
hypoglossal n
What innervates the strap muscles of the neck?
superior root of the ansa cervicalis
What embryological remnant of the thyroid may form cysts along its course?
thyroglossal duct
What nerve innervates all the muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
Where do the following arteries of the thyroid arise?
superior thyroid a
inferior thyroid a
lowerst thyroid a
1. sup --> common/ext carotids
2. inf --> thryocervical trunk
3. lowest --> brachiocephalic/aorta/left common carotid
What happens if you accidentally cut out the parathryoids during thyroidectomy?
all of them..... tetany and ultimately death
The trachea extends over what vertebrae?
C6-T2
What tracheal rings are cut during tracheotomy?
rings 2-4
What is a cricothyrotomy?
cut through cricothyroid membrane (replaced the tracheotomy)
Which is the extensive surgical procedure? tracheotomy or tracheoStomy?
tracheoStomy
Is surgical access to the esophagus safer from the left or right?
left
You got stabbed in the neck just above the clavicle in the mid-clavicular line. What might you worry about?
pneumothorax --> the cupula of pleura extends into the root of the neck about 3 cm
What cervical vertebrae does the vertebral a. course through?
C1-6
What is the usual cause of subclavian steal syndrome?
EPISODIC obstruction of the subclavian a proximal to the branching of the vertebral artery. Blood gets shunted to the ipsilateral extremity during exercise of the upper extremity
What is the label for decreased blood flow to the brain?
vertebro-basilar insufficiency
What artery courses with the phrenic nerve at the root of the neck?
ascending cervical a
What artery courses with the recurrent laryngeal nerve at the root of the neck?
inferior laryngeal artery
What artery runs parallel and superior to the suprascapular artery?
transverse cervical a
What landmark is used to divide the parts of the subclavian a?
the Anterior scalene m
The internal carotid arteries branch into what two arteries?
anterior cerebral
middle cerebral
What arteries make up the circle of willis?
anterior communicating a
anterior cerebral aa
posterior communicating a
posterior cerebral aa
What percent of blood flow to the cerebrum is received from the ICA?
80%
What is the most common site of an aneurysm in the circle of willis?
anterior communicating a
What are the 4 branches of the facial a?
inferior labial
superior labial
lateral nasal
angular (terminal branch)
What artery is used to bypass obstructions of the middle cerebral a?
superficial temporal a.
What artery courses b/w the mandibular neck and sphenomandibular ligament?
maxillary a
Middle meningeal a is a branch of what?
maxillary a
What artery enters the foramen spinosum along with the recurrent meningeal branch of V3?
middle meningeal a.
Epidural hematoma.... what artery?
middle meningeal a.
What vein is formed by the superficial temporal and maxillary veins?
retromandibular vein
What are the locations and important features of the superior and inferior bulbs of the internal jugular v?
superior: in jugular fossa, NO valve
inferior: posterior to the interval b/w sternoclavicular heads of the SCM, has a valve!
Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located?
along the length of the IJV
What are the 2 important groups of the deep cervical lymph nodes?
1. jugulo-diagastric (tonsillar)
2. jugulo-omohyoid
In the root of the neck the thoracic duct runs in anterior to and posterior to what structures?
anterior to ant. scalene
posterior to carotid sheath
ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE
What are the 4 superficial cervical nerves and from what spinal cord segments to they arise?
1. lesser occipital n, great auricular, transverse cervical, supraclavicular
2. All C2-3 except supraclavicular (C3-4)
What type of information do the superficial cervical nerves convey?
sensory to skin of postero-lateral aspect of head, neck, upper chest, and shoulders
Ansa cervicalis:
1. Formed from?
2. innervates?
1. C-1-3 anterior rami
2. innervates infrahyoid muscles (except thyroidhyoid m which is innervated by XII nerve to thyrohyoid)
Where does the superior root of ansa cervicalis come from?
hypoglossal n just below posterior diagastric m.
What is the relationship b/w inferior root of ansa cervicalis and the IJV?
crosses lateral to the IJV
Pt. presents with a "scaphoid abdomen", exertional dyspnea, hyperactivity of accessory muscles, and difficulty coughing/sneezing. What happened?
Bilateral phrenic n paralysis
What nerve fiber type conveys pain, temperature, tactile pressure, and proprioception?
GSA
What nerve fiber type conveys visceral pain and reflexes?
GVA
What nerve fiber type innervates muscles of MYOTOMIC origin?
GSE
What nerve fiber type is associated with the ANS?
GVE
What are the only muscles in the head of myotomic origin?
What are the fiber types?
1. extraocular muscles and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
2. GSE fibers
What are the cranial nerves contain GVE fibers?
parasympathetics of CN III, VII, IX, and X
What information do cranial SVA fibers convey?
olfactory and taste
taste buds of ant 2/3 of tongue --> VII
post 1/3 of tongue --> IX
What fiber type innervates muscles of branchiomeric origin (mastication, facial expression, larynx and pharynx)?
SVE
What fiber type is associated with optic and vestibulocochlear nerves?
SSA (special somatic afferent)
What is THE sensory nucleus for all sensations from the fase?
Trigeminal sensory complex (GSA): mesencephalic nucleus, main sensory, descending nuc
What is THE sensory nucleus for general sensations from the post 1/3 of the tongue to the mid-transverse colon?
Solitary nucleus (SVA & GVA)
1. ant 2/3 via VII
2. post 1/3 via IX
3. epiglottis via X
What innervates the superior oblique muscle?
trochlear nucleus (GSE)
What innervates the lateral rectus m?
abducens nucleus (GSE)
What are the 4 parts to the GSE column (motor nuclei)?
1. oculomotor nucleus
2. throchlear n
3. abducens
4. hypoglossal
What is the pathway from the edinger-westphal nucleus (GVE)?
pregang to ciliary gangion via oculomotor n --> post gang to ciliary mm. and pupillary constrictor mm.
What is the pathway from the superior salivatory nucleus (GVE)?
pregang fibers (VII) to sphopalatine and submandibular ganglia --> post gang to lacrimal gland/oral/nasal cavities (spheno) and submandibular/sublingual glands (submand)...... wow.... confusing?
What is the path for the inferior salivatory nucleus ?
pre gang fibers (IX) --> otic ganglion --> postgang --> parotid gland
What is the path for the dorsal motor nucleus (GVE)?
pre-gang fiber (X) --> ganglia of larynx,pharynx, thorax, and abdomen --> post-gang to various glands and SM
Muscles of mastication innervated by what CN?
V
Muscles of facial expression innervated by what CN?
VII
stylopharyngeus m. innervated by what CN?
IX
pharyngeal/laryngeal muscles innervated by what CN?
X (vagus)
SCM and trapezius m innervated by what CN?
XI
What CN arises from the caudal portion of the nucleus ambiguus?
cranial portion of CN XI
What three cranial nerves exit the jugular foramen at the base of the skull?
IX, X, and XI (they join up) --> innervate muscles of pharnx, soft palate, and layrnx
What innervates the SCM and the trapezius?
spinal portion of the CN XI
What is Vernet's syndrome?
A basilar skull fx due to trauma may involve the jugular foramen and result in ipsilateral IX,X, and XI paralysis
What is Collet's (Sicard's, villaret's) syndrome?
May be due to injury in the retroparotid space
Ipsilateral paralysis of CN IX-XII + the cervical sympathetic trunk
What are the afferent and efferent nerves of the corneal reflex?
Afferent: Trigeminal
Efferent: facial
What is the afferent component of the gag reflex?
CN IX
Pt. has following symptoms: loss of gag reflex
slight dysphagia
loss of sensation in pharynx and post 1/3 of tongue
What nerve has been affected?
CN IX
Pt. has following symptoms:
dysphonia
dysphagia
dyspnea
loss of laryngeal cough reflex.
What CN is affected?
X
Pt. has following symptoms:
inability to shrug the right shoulder, flex and rotate the head.
What CN is affected?
Right CN XI (test the trapezius and SCM)
Pt has following symptoms:
protruded tongue towards the left
What CN is affected?
Left CN XII
GSA cranial fibers all terminate in the ?
Trigeminal sensory complex
What nucleus is responsible for sensation on the post 1/3 of the tongue?
solitary nucleus
Where are pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons located?
Which vertebral level is most important for the head and neck SNS innervation?
1. in the intermediolateral cell column
2. T1 is primary contribution to H &N
What is ant/post to the cervical sympathetic trunk?
post to common carotid
ant to longus colli m and capitus mm.
Where is the superior cervical ganglion located?
posterior to the ICA, embedded in prevertebral fascia at level of C1-2
What layer of arteries do sympathetic plexi course through?
tunica adventitia
What sympathetic ganglion supplies C1-3 nerves, CN IX-XOO, pharynx, carotid body and sinus, and the internal carotid nerve?
superior cervical ganglion
What sympathetic ganglion supplies the vertebral a. and its branches
middle cervical ganglion
Transsection/hemisection above what spinal cord level may result in horner's syndrome?
above T1 (cervical symp trunk)
What are critical signs/symptoms of Horner's syndrome?
SLIGHT ptosis
miosis (pupillary constriction)
anhidrosis and blushing of facial skin
What cranial nerves carry axons of the parasympathetic nervous system?
CN III, VII, IX, and X
What CN provides PSNS innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
CN VII (facial)
What is the general course for PSNS innervation to the submandibular gland?
superior salivatory nucleus --> facial n --> chorda tympani (by lingual n) --> submandibular ganglion (now post-gang) --> gland
What is the general course of the SNS innervation to the parotid gland?
T1 (intermediolateral column) --> sup cerv ganglion --> caroticotympanic n --> lesser petrosal n --> parotid
What is the general course of the PSNS innervation to the parotid gland?
Inferior salivatory nucleus --> otic ganglion (via CN IX) --> parotid
What is the general course of the SNS innervation to the lacrimal gland?
T1 --> SCG --> deep petrosal n --> lacrimal gland
What is the general course of the PSNS innervation to the lacrimal gland?
superior salivatory nucleus (CN VII) --> greater petrosal n --> vidian n --> sphenopalatine ganglion --> zygomatic n --> lacrimal gland
What is the general course of the SNS innervation to the eye?
T1-L2 --> SCG --> symp branch to ciliary ganglion --> pupillary constrictor & ciliary mm.
What is the general course of the PSNS innervation to the eye?
Edinger-Westphal nucleus (CN III) --> ciliary ganglion --> muscles
This refers to sensory or motor deficits occuring on the opposite side of the causative lesion.
What is contralateral?
This refers to sensory or motor deficits occuring on the same side as the causative lesion.
What is ipsilateral?
This is a general term for a large, cord-like bundle of nerve fibers.
What is a funiculus?
This is a general term reffering to a bundle of nerve fibers which belong to a particular system in the CNS
What is a fasciculus?
This is specifically defined as a fasciculus comprised of nerve fibers that have a common origin, termination, AND function.
What is a tract?
!!! This is a bundle of crossed, secondary nerve fibers in a conscious sensory pathway.
What is a lemniscus?
A lesion of a lemniscus results in ipsilateral or contralateral deficits?
contralateral!
What herniates in a falx herniation?
cingulate gyrus crosses the free edge of the falx
Pt. presents w/ post-traumatic history of a couple hours. They were initially unconscious and then rapidly recovered. What are you suspecting?
Epidural hematoma --> MMA
In 2/3 of the cases, the superior sagittal sinus empties directly into what?
the RIGHT transverse sinus
In 2/3 of the cases, the straight sinus drains directly into what?
the LEFT transverse sinus
Thrombosis in the posterior portion of the straight sinus or left transverse sinus results in what?
ischemia/necrosis of structures in the deep cerebrum (fatal)
Thrombosis of post portion of the superior venous sinus or left transverse usually results in what?
cortical ischemia/necrosis
What is an optical sign of increased ICP?
papilledema
Rupture of a BV in the subarachnoid space results in what?
subarachnoid hemorrhage which can be detected by RBC's in the CSF
The central canal of the ventricular system enlarges and develops a cavity in the center of the cord. What is this called?
syringomyelia
How many WBC/RBC's must be present in the CSF to be considered abnormal?
6+
What is the normal pressure tange of CSF?
100-200 mm of WATER
What are 2 clinical signs of hydrocephalus?
"sundown eyes" and papilledema
What are the two types of external hydrocephalus?
supratentorial and infratentorial (this is often seen w/ communicating)
What disease is associated with supratentorial external hydrocephalus?
senile atrophy of the cortex (alzheimer's)
What type of hydrocephalus is seen in combo w/ communicating hydrocephalus?
infratentorial external hydrocephalus
Obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct would result in what condition?
internal hydrocephalus (noncommunicating)
What 3 conditions can result in communicating (infratentorial ext + internal) hyrdocephalus?
past inflammation (meningitis)
cerebral edema
uncal herniation
Blood to the brain:
80% from ?
20% from ?
80- ICA
20- vertebral
This refers to the acute onset of a focal neurologic deficit subsequent to vascular disease.
What is a stroke?
What are 3 common causes of global ischemia of the brain?
cardiac arrest
drowning
exanquination
What neuronal populations are particularly susceptible to ischemic injury?
pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, especially CA1
What are the four categories of neurohistological status based on ranges of regional cerebral blood flow?
1. normal: ~ 53 ml/100 gm/min
2. electrical failure: <18
3. ischemic penumbra: 10-20
4. ionic failure: <10
What are 3 areas of exception to the BBB?
1. pineal body
2. area postrema
3. median eminence of hypothalamus
What artery supplies the basal ganglia and internal capsule?
branches of the PCoA
Which artery has the highest incidence of cerebral aneurysms?
the ACA (35%)
25% occur in the ACoA
Occlusion of the ACA or sup sag sinus may result in what sensory/motor deficits?
contralateral leg and foot deficits
Where is the "artery of cerebral hemorrhage"?
one of the lateral striate arteries from the MCA
Thrombosis of the central artery (off the MCA) would result in what deficits?
contralateral spastic paralysis and/or parasthesia of the face and upper 1/2 of the body.... wow
What is the blood supply to Broca's area?
frontal branches of the MCA
Broca's/Wernicke's aphasia, auditory deficits, and arm/forearm/hand motor/sensory deficits point to occlusion of what major cerebral artery?
MCA
What specific artery supplies Wernicke's area?
angular artery (from MCA) is the chief supply
What artery supplies most of the central gray matter and anteromedial portion of the white matter of the spinal cord?
anterior spinal artery
occlusion of what artery may result in "central cord syndrome"?
anterior spinal artery
Tabes dorsalis or tertiary neurosyphilis may affect what arteries?
posterior spinal aa.
What artery is the major supply to the inferior 2/3 of the spinal cord? What surgical procedure may comprise this?
1. great anterior artery of adamkiewicz
2. surgical repair of AAA
What spinal levels are most frequently involved in ischemic necrosis of the spinal cord?
enlargements at C2-3, T1-4, & L1
Lateral Medullary (wallenberg) syndrome may result from occlusion of what artery?
PICA
Uncal herniation may compress what artery?
the PCA --> necrosis of the primary visual cortex
The paracentral lobule is supplied by what artery?
ACA
Primary cortex, premotor cortex, brocha's area, wernicke's area, primary somesthetic, primary auditory cortex are all supplied by what artery?
MCA
The primary visual cortex is supplied by what artery?
PCA
What are the two most common causes of intracranial hemorrhage?
HTN
trauma
45 yo Pt. presents saying they have a "bursting headache", the worst they have ever felt.You notice nuchal rigidity and a positive kernig's sign. What do you suspect?
subarachnoid hemorrhage
What are the 3 phaes of deglutition?
1. oral phase
2. oropharyngeal phase
3. pharygo-esophageal phase
What separates the nasal cavity from the nasopharynx?
choanae
What separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?
pharyngeal isthmus
What separates the oral cavity from the oropharynx?
Faucial isthmus
At what spinal level does the laryngopharynx meet the esophagus?
C6
What is the innervation to the piriform recesses?
internal laryngeal nerve (look for pooling sign)
blood: superior laryngeal artery
How is "pharyngeal speech" accomplished in post-laryngectomy patients (what muscles)?
vibration of cricopharygneus muscle via regurgitation of swallowed air
What clinically important potential space is b/w the buccopharyngeal fascia and the prevertebral fascia?
retropharyngeal space
What CN's provide important GVA and SVE fibers for the gag reflex in the pharynx?
GVA: CN IX
SVE: CN X
(in by 9, out by 10)
Where is the blade often placed to pull open the epiglottis during intubation?
In the valleculae epiglottica
What nerve and artery pierce the thryohyoid membrane?
internal branch of SLN
SLA
What nerve courses posterior to the cricothyroid joint?
RLN
What is the only abductor of the vocal cords?
posterior cricoarytenoid
This muscle is the only abductor of the vocal cords.
What is the posterior cricoarytenoid m?
This muscle and nerve can be tested by having the patient say "e-e-e" in a high pitched voice.
What is the cricothyroid m
innervated by ext branch of SLN
What is the chief sensory nerve to the interior of the layrnx?
internal branch of the SLN
What is the key afferent component of the laryngeal cough reflex?
ibSLN
What nerve must be considered if a patient presents with hoarseness and dysphagia?
lesions of the RLN
What nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
external branch of the SLN
What nerve innervates all the laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid?
RLN from CN X
What group of lymph nodes become enlarged w/ thyroid carcinoma and subacute thyroiditis?
Delphian lymph nodes (on midline of thyrohyoid membrane)
What part of the vocal folds is mobile?
posterior attachment
anterior is fixed
What layer of the scalp is prone to easy spread of infections to the brain via emissary veins?
loose subaponeurotic layer
What artery accompanies the greater occipital nerve?
occipital a
What nerve accompanies the posterior auricular a?
lesser occipital n
What nerve accompanies the superficial temporal a?
auriculotemporal n
What artery accompanies the supraorbital n.?
supraorbital a
What artery accompanies the supratrochlear n?
supratrochlear a
What artery, vein, and nerve are imbedded in the parotid gland?
facian n
retromandibular v
external carotid a
What is the primary motor and sensory functions of the facial nerve?
motor: muscles of facial expression
sensory: taste buds on ant 2/3 of tongue
What are the symptoms (deficits) associated with these branches of the facial n?:
1. nerve to stapedius m
2. greater superficial petrosal n
3. chorda tympani n.
1. stapedius --> hyperacusis
2. petrosal --> dec. lacrimation
3. tympani --> loss of taste in ant. 2/3 of tongue
What are some etiologies of bell's palsy?
idiopathic
surgical
traumatic
tumor of parotid
The following symptoms should point to what condition?:
ectropion (drooping of lower lid)
piphora (spilling tears)
dry cornea
can't wink
unequal smile
drooling
hyperacusis
bell's palsy
All mimetic muscles are innervated by this nerve.
facial n!
What are 3 symptoms of paralysis of the orbicularis oculi?
drooping lower lid
spilling tears
corneal drying
What is the innervation to the buccinator muscle?
buccal branch of CN VII
This landmark vein of the face is deep to the mandible, parotid, and CN VII. It joins the post auricular v to form the EJV.
What is the retromandibular vein?
What are the 3 cutaneous nerves (divisions) of the trigeminal n?
V1: ophthalmic
V2: maxillary
V3: mandibular
What is the nerve trunk b/w CV3 and CV4? (answer is a number)
C4 ... b/c nerves are named for vertebral body below it in the cervical region
At what spinal level does the spinal cord end?
L1
What is the nerve naming rule below L1?
lateral to medial (L2-S4)
What layer of fascia in the cheek region may form a ligament that can become calcified and obstruct the needle in a maxillary n block?
pterygoid fascia (pterygospinous ligament)
What a/v/n's pass through the space b/w the sphenomandibular ligament and the neck of the mandible?
maxillary a/v
auriculotermporal n
The muscles of mastication are all innervated by branches of this nerve.
What is the mandibular division of V?
The masseter is innervated by what nerve?
masseteric nerve from mandibular nerve (V3)
A fracture here will cause the proximal portion of the mandible to displace upward and forward.
What is fractures anterior to the angle of the mandible?
What nerve and artery usually pass b/w the heads of the lateral pterygoid m?
maxillary a
long buccal n
What muscles help the mouth open wide?
lateral pterygoid
suprahyoid muscles
What 3 muscles close the mouth?
temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
What types of joints are the two of the TMJ?
1. superior joint --> gliding joint
2. inf. joint --> hinge-type joint
The articular disk of the TMJ is attached to what muscle?
sphenomeniscus m
What are the average mental angles of the jaw in the following ages?
newborn
adult
senior
newborn: 175 deg
adult: 110-120 (dentition)
senior: 140
What nerve passes through the foramen ovale?
mandibular n
This nerve (branch of V3) supplies GSA fiber to the meningeal dura via the foramen spinosum.
What is the recurrent meningeal n?
This nerve supplies GSA fibers to the epithelia of the inner and outer cheek.
what is the buccal n?
This nerve supplies GSA fibers to the ant. 2/3 of the tongue.
What is the lingual n?
What artery and n pass through the foramen spinosum?
MMA
recurrent meningeal branch of V3
This is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery and supplies the nasal cavity.
What is the sphenopalatine a
A unilateral diminution or absence of this sulcus may indicate a neurological disorder.
What is the nasolabial sulcus?
The parotid duct pierces what muscle?
The buccinator m
Where is the orifice of the parotid duct in the oral cavity?
inner cheek opposite the crown of second upper molar
The mucosa of the inner check is innervated by what nerve?
buccinator nerve
Where is the orifice of the submandibular duct?
apex of sublingual caruncle
Where is the lingual tonsil located?
dorsum of post 1/3 of tongue
All of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus) are innervated by this nerve.
What is the hypoglossal n
unilateral hypoglossal palsy results in deviation of the tongue towards what side?
towards the affected side
What is the innervation of the tensor veli palatini m?
Levator veli?
tensor: mandibular n (V)
levator: pharyngeal plexus (X)
If the levator or tensor veli palatini muscles are unilaterally paralyzed, what will you see in the back of the mouth?
The uvula deviates towards the normal side (intact muscles pull it)
What is a big bleeder during a tonsillectomy?
tonsillar v
Where is a common site of nose fractures?
junction b/w septal cartilage and the ethmoid and vomer
What artery and nerve supply the post 2/3 of the nasal cavity?
sphenopalatine a (branches)
sphenopalatine ganglion
What artery and nerve supply the ant 1/3 of the nasal cavity?
anterior ethmoidal artery
anterior ethmoidal n
This tonsil is located on the roof of the nasopharynx.
What is the pharyngeal tonsil (called adenoid when it hypertrophies)
This is a clinically important landmark that is a cartilagenous eminence above the opening for the auditory tube into the nasopharynx.
What is the torus tubarius
When performing transsphenoidal surgery, why must the lateral walls be avoided? What wall are you normally approaching?
1. avoid lateral walls --> ICA
2. Access to pituitary --> superior
What nerve connects the greater petrosal and deep petrosal nerves to the pterygopalatine ganglion?
vidian n
La Végétation
vegetation