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251 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What structures may be compromised by a fracture of the neck of the mandible?
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maxillary a & v, and auriculotemporal n.
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What structures may be compromised by a fracture of the ramus of the mandible?
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lingual or inferior alveolar nerves
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What structures may be compromised by a fracture of the body of the mandible?
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compress inferior alveolar n.a.v.
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What is the embryological origin of Schwann cells and PNS neurons?
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neural crest
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What is the embryological origin of microglia?
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mesoderm
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What mature CNS cells arise from neuroectoderm (4 types)?
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neurons, ependymal cells, oligodendroglia, astrocytes
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What parts of the neuron contain Nissl substance? What is Nissl Substance?
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It is RER found in the cell body and dendrites (NOT axon)
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What is a marker (or stain) for Astrocytes?
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GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein.... also found in ependymal cells)
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What is the general pathway of the Jaw-Jerk Reflex?
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1. stimulus: rapid depression of chin
2. afferent fibers in masseteric n. 3. Mesencephalic (Sensory) nucleus of V --> Motor nucelus of V 4. Efferent: masseteric N 5. Effector: neuromuscular endplates of masseter muscle (contraction) |
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Unilateral paralysis of the tensor OR levator palati muscles results in what?
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deviation of the uvula towards the NORMAL side
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What bony structure forms the floor of the orbit?
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The ROOF of the maxillary sinus
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What is the embryological derivation of the cerebral hemispheres?
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Telencephalon
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What does the diencephalon become?
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thalamus
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What does the mesencephalon become?
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midbrain
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What does the metencephalon become?
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Pons & cerebellum
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What is the embryological derivation of the medulla oblongata?
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myelencephalon
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Anencephaly results from the failure of what?
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closure of the anterior neuropore
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What space is CSF located in?
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The subarachnoid space (& ventricles)
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What space in the cranium contains the meningeal arteries and veins?
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The cranial epidural space
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You have an epidural hematoma. What did you cut?
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middle meningeal artery
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What space do "bridging" veins run withinin in the cranium?
What happens if you cut one of these veins? |
subdural space
....subdural hematoma (usually superior cerebral veins) |
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Blockage of what causes noncommunicating hydrocephalus?
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cerebral aqueduct
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What causes communicating hydrocephalus?
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blockage withing the subarachnoid space (adhesions after meningitis)
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What is the platysma innervated by?
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facial nerve (cervical branch)
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What is the innervation of the SCM?
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spinal accessory n
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What nerve most be preserved during radical neck dissection?
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spinal accessory
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What important vessel and nerve are anterior to the anterior scalene?
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subclavian vein and phrenic n
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What 2 important structures are POSTERIOR to the anterior scalene?
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subclavian a
brachial plexus |
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The omohyoid is innervated by what?
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ansa cervicalis
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What nerve is located b/w the inferior border of the postererior diagastric m and the tip of the hyoid?
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hypoglossal n
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Where does the submandibular duct empty?
What nerve surrounds the duct? |
the apex of the sublingual caruncle adjacent to the lingual frenulum (in the floor of the mouth)
Surrounded by lingual nerve |
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What CN supplies GSE fibers to the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
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hypoglossal n
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What innervates the strap muscles of the neck?
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superior root of the ansa cervicalis
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What embryological remnant of the thyroid may form cysts along its course?
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thyroglossal duct
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What nerve innervates all the muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid?
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recurrent laryngeal nerve
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Where do the following arteries of the thyroid arise?
superior thyroid a inferior thyroid a lowerst thyroid a |
1. sup --> common/ext carotids
2. inf --> thryocervical trunk 3. lowest --> brachiocephalic/aorta/left common carotid |
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What happens if you accidentally cut out the parathryoids during thyroidectomy?
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all of them..... tetany and ultimately death
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The trachea extends over what vertebrae?
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C6-T2
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What tracheal rings are cut during tracheotomy?
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rings 2-4
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What is a cricothyrotomy?
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cut through cricothyroid membrane (replaced the tracheotomy)
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Which is the extensive surgical procedure? tracheotomy or tracheoStomy?
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tracheoStomy
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Is surgical access to the esophagus safer from the left or right?
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left
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You got stabbed in the neck just above the clavicle in the mid-clavicular line. What might you worry about?
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pneumothorax --> the cupula of pleura extends into the root of the neck about 3 cm
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What cervical vertebrae does the vertebral a. course through?
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C1-6
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What is the usual cause of subclavian steal syndrome?
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EPISODIC obstruction of the subclavian a proximal to the branching of the vertebral artery. Blood gets shunted to the ipsilateral extremity during exercise of the upper extremity
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What is the label for decreased blood flow to the brain?
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vertebro-basilar insufficiency
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What artery courses with the phrenic nerve at the root of the neck?
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ascending cervical a
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What artery courses with the recurrent laryngeal nerve at the root of the neck?
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inferior laryngeal artery
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What artery runs parallel and superior to the suprascapular artery?
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transverse cervical a
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What landmark is used to divide the parts of the subclavian a?
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the Anterior scalene m
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The internal carotid arteries branch into what two arteries?
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anterior cerebral
middle cerebral |
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What arteries make up the circle of willis?
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anterior communicating a
anterior cerebral aa posterior communicating a posterior cerebral aa |
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What percent of blood flow to the cerebrum is received from the ICA?
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80%
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What is the most common site of an aneurysm in the circle of willis?
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anterior communicating a
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What are the 4 branches of the facial a?
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inferior labial
superior labial lateral nasal angular (terminal branch) |
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What artery is used to bypass obstructions of the middle cerebral a?
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superficial temporal a.
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What artery courses b/w the mandibular neck and sphenomandibular ligament?
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maxillary a
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Middle meningeal a is a branch of what?
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maxillary a
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What artery enters the foramen spinosum along with the recurrent meningeal branch of V3?
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middle meningeal a.
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Epidural hematoma.... what artery?
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middle meningeal a.
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What vein is formed by the superficial temporal and maxillary veins?
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retromandibular vein
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What are the locations and important features of the superior and inferior bulbs of the internal jugular v?
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superior: in jugular fossa, NO valve
inferior: posterior to the interval b/w sternoclavicular heads of the SCM, has a valve! |
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Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located?
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along the length of the IJV
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What are the 2 important groups of the deep cervical lymph nodes?
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1. jugulo-diagastric (tonsillar)
2. jugulo-omohyoid |
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In the root of the neck the thoracic duct runs in anterior to and posterior to what structures?
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anterior to ant. scalene
posterior to carotid sheath ONLY ON THE LEFT SIDE |
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What are the 4 superficial cervical nerves and from what spinal cord segments to they arise?
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1. lesser occipital n, great auricular, transverse cervical, supraclavicular
2. All C2-3 except supraclavicular (C3-4) |
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What type of information do the superficial cervical nerves convey?
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sensory to skin of postero-lateral aspect of head, neck, upper chest, and shoulders
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Ansa cervicalis:
1. Formed from? 2. innervates? |
1. C-1-3 anterior rami
2. innervates infrahyoid muscles (except thyroidhyoid m which is innervated by XII nerve to thyrohyoid) |
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Where does the superior root of ansa cervicalis come from?
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hypoglossal n just below posterior diagastric m.
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What is the relationship b/w inferior root of ansa cervicalis and the IJV?
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crosses lateral to the IJV
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Pt. presents with a "scaphoid abdomen", exertional dyspnea, hyperactivity of accessory muscles, and difficulty coughing/sneezing. What happened?
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Bilateral phrenic n paralysis
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What nerve fiber type conveys pain, temperature, tactile pressure, and proprioception?
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GSA
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What nerve fiber type conveys visceral pain and reflexes?
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GVA
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What nerve fiber type innervates muscles of MYOTOMIC origin?
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GSE
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What nerve fiber type is associated with the ANS?
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GVE
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What are the only muscles in the head of myotomic origin?
What are the fiber types? |
1. extraocular muscles and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
2. GSE fibers |
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What are the cranial nerves contain GVE fibers?
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parasympathetics of CN III, VII, IX, and X
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What information do cranial SVA fibers convey?
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olfactory and taste
taste buds of ant 2/3 of tongue --> VII post 1/3 of tongue --> IX |
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What fiber type innervates muscles of branchiomeric origin (mastication, facial expression, larynx and pharynx)?
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SVE
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What fiber type is associated with optic and vestibulocochlear nerves?
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SSA (special somatic afferent)
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What is THE sensory nucleus for all sensations from the fase?
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Trigeminal sensory complex (GSA): mesencephalic nucleus, main sensory, descending nuc
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What is THE sensory nucleus for general sensations from the post 1/3 of the tongue to the mid-transverse colon?
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Solitary nucleus (SVA & GVA)
1. ant 2/3 via VII 2. post 1/3 via IX 3. epiglottis via X |
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What innervates the superior oblique muscle?
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trochlear nucleus (GSE)
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What innervates the lateral rectus m?
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abducens nucleus (GSE)
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What are the 4 parts to the GSE column (motor nuclei)?
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1. oculomotor nucleus
2. throchlear n 3. abducens 4. hypoglossal |
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What is the pathway from the edinger-westphal nucleus (GVE)?
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pregang to ciliary gangion via oculomotor n --> post gang to ciliary mm. and pupillary constrictor mm.
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What is the pathway from the superior salivatory nucleus (GVE)?
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pregang fibers (VII) to sphopalatine and submandibular ganglia --> post gang to lacrimal gland/oral/nasal cavities (spheno) and submandibular/sublingual glands (submand)...... wow.... confusing?
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What is the path for the inferior salivatory nucleus ?
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pre gang fibers (IX) --> otic ganglion --> postgang --> parotid gland
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What is the path for the dorsal motor nucleus (GVE)?
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pre-gang fiber (X) --> ganglia of larynx,pharynx, thorax, and abdomen --> post-gang to various glands and SM
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Muscles of mastication innervated by what CN?
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V
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Muscles of facial expression innervated by what CN?
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VII
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stylopharyngeus m. innervated by what CN?
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IX
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pharyngeal/laryngeal muscles innervated by what CN?
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X (vagus)
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SCM and trapezius m innervated by what CN?
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XI
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What CN arises from the caudal portion of the nucleus ambiguus?
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cranial portion of CN XI
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What three cranial nerves exit the jugular foramen at the base of the skull?
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IX, X, and XI (they join up) --> innervate muscles of pharnx, soft palate, and layrnx
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What innervates the SCM and the trapezius?
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spinal portion of the CN XI
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What is Vernet's syndrome?
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A basilar skull fx due to trauma may involve the jugular foramen and result in ipsilateral IX,X, and XI paralysis
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What is Collet's (Sicard's, villaret's) syndrome?
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May be due to injury in the retroparotid space
Ipsilateral paralysis of CN IX-XII + the cervical sympathetic trunk |
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What are the afferent and efferent nerves of the corneal reflex?
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Afferent: Trigeminal
Efferent: facial |
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What is the afferent component of the gag reflex?
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CN IX
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Pt. has following symptoms: loss of gag reflex
slight dysphagia loss of sensation in pharynx and post 1/3 of tongue What nerve has been affected? |
CN IX
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Pt. has following symptoms:
dysphonia dysphagia dyspnea loss of laryngeal cough reflex. What CN is affected? |
X
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Pt. has following symptoms:
inability to shrug the right shoulder, flex and rotate the head. What CN is affected? |
Right CN XI (test the trapezius and SCM)
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Pt has following symptoms:
protruded tongue towards the left What CN is affected? |
Left CN XII
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GSA cranial fibers all terminate in the ?
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Trigeminal sensory complex
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What nucleus is responsible for sensation on the post 1/3 of the tongue?
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solitary nucleus
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Where are pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons located?
Which vertebral level is most important for the head and neck SNS innervation? |
1. in the intermediolateral cell column
2. T1 is primary contribution to H &N |
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What is ant/post to the cervical sympathetic trunk?
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post to common carotid
ant to longus colli m and capitus mm. |
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Where is the superior cervical ganglion located?
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posterior to the ICA, embedded in prevertebral fascia at level of C1-2
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What layer of arteries do sympathetic plexi course through?
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tunica adventitia
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What sympathetic ganglion supplies C1-3 nerves, CN IX-XOO, pharynx, carotid body and sinus, and the internal carotid nerve?
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superior cervical ganglion
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What sympathetic ganglion supplies the vertebral a. and its branches
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middle cervical ganglion
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Transsection/hemisection above what spinal cord level may result in horner's syndrome?
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above T1 (cervical symp trunk)
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What are critical signs/symptoms of Horner's syndrome?
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SLIGHT ptosis
miosis (pupillary constriction) anhidrosis and blushing of facial skin |
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What cranial nerves carry axons of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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CN III, VII, IX, and X
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What CN provides PSNS innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
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CN VII (facial)
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What is the general course for PSNS innervation to the submandibular gland?
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superior salivatory nucleus --> facial n --> chorda tympani (by lingual n) --> submandibular ganglion (now post-gang) --> gland
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What is the general course of the SNS innervation to the parotid gland?
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T1 (intermediolateral column) --> sup cerv ganglion --> caroticotympanic n --> lesser petrosal n --> parotid
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What is the general course of the PSNS innervation to the parotid gland?
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Inferior salivatory nucleus --> otic ganglion (via CN IX) --> parotid
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What is the general course of the SNS innervation to the lacrimal gland?
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T1 --> SCG --> deep petrosal n --> lacrimal gland
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What is the general course of the PSNS innervation to the lacrimal gland?
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superior salivatory nucleus (CN VII) --> greater petrosal n --> vidian n --> sphenopalatine ganglion --> zygomatic n --> lacrimal gland
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What is the general course of the SNS innervation to the eye?
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T1-L2 --> SCG --> symp branch to ciliary ganglion --> pupillary constrictor & ciliary mm.
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What is the general course of the PSNS innervation to the eye?
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Edinger-Westphal nucleus (CN III) --> ciliary ganglion --> muscles
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This refers to sensory or motor deficits occuring on the opposite side of the causative lesion.
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What is contralateral?
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This refers to sensory or motor deficits occuring on the same side as the causative lesion.
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What is ipsilateral?
|
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This is a general term for a large, cord-like bundle of nerve fibers.
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What is a funiculus?
|
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This is a general term reffering to a bundle of nerve fibers which belong to a particular system in the CNS
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What is a fasciculus?
|
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This is specifically defined as a fasciculus comprised of nerve fibers that have a common origin, termination, AND function.
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What is a tract?
|
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!!! This is a bundle of crossed, secondary nerve fibers in a conscious sensory pathway.
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What is a lemniscus?
|
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A lesion of a lemniscus results in ipsilateral or contralateral deficits?
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contralateral!
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What herniates in a falx herniation?
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cingulate gyrus crosses the free edge of the falx
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Pt. presents w/ post-traumatic history of a couple hours. They were initially unconscious and then rapidly recovered. What are you suspecting?
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Epidural hematoma --> MMA
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In 2/3 of the cases, the superior sagittal sinus empties directly into what?
|
the RIGHT transverse sinus
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In 2/3 of the cases, the straight sinus drains directly into what?
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the LEFT transverse sinus
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Thrombosis in the posterior portion of the straight sinus or left transverse sinus results in what?
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ischemia/necrosis of structures in the deep cerebrum (fatal)
|
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Thrombosis of post portion of the superior venous sinus or left transverse usually results in what?
|
cortical ischemia/necrosis
|
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What is an optical sign of increased ICP?
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papilledema
|
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Rupture of a BV in the subarachnoid space results in what?
|
subarachnoid hemorrhage which can be detected by RBC's in the CSF
|
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The central canal of the ventricular system enlarges and develops a cavity in the center of the cord. What is this called?
|
syringomyelia
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How many WBC/RBC's must be present in the CSF to be considered abnormal?
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6+
|
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What is the normal pressure tange of CSF?
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100-200 mm of WATER
|
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What are 2 clinical signs of hydrocephalus?
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"sundown eyes" and papilledema
|
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What are the two types of external hydrocephalus?
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supratentorial and infratentorial (this is often seen w/ communicating)
|
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What disease is associated with supratentorial external hydrocephalus?
|
senile atrophy of the cortex (alzheimer's)
|
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What type of hydrocephalus is seen in combo w/ communicating hydrocephalus?
|
infratentorial external hydrocephalus
|
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Obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct would result in what condition?
|
internal hydrocephalus (noncommunicating)
|
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What 3 conditions can result in communicating (infratentorial ext + internal) hyrdocephalus?
|
past inflammation (meningitis)
cerebral edema uncal herniation |
|
Blood to the brain:
80% from ? 20% from ? |
80- ICA
20- vertebral |
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This refers to the acute onset of a focal neurologic deficit subsequent to vascular disease.
|
What is a stroke?
|
|
What are 3 common causes of global ischemia of the brain?
|
cardiac arrest
drowning exanquination |
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What neuronal populations are particularly susceptible to ischemic injury?
|
pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, especially CA1
|
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What are the four categories of neurohistological status based on ranges of regional cerebral blood flow?
|
1. normal: ~ 53 ml/100 gm/min
2. electrical failure: <18 3. ischemic penumbra: 10-20 4. ionic failure: <10 |
|
What are 3 areas of exception to the BBB?
|
1. pineal body
2. area postrema 3. median eminence of hypothalamus |
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What artery supplies the basal ganglia and internal capsule?
|
branches of the PCoA
|
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Which artery has the highest incidence of cerebral aneurysms?
|
the ACA (35%)
25% occur in the ACoA |
|
Occlusion of the ACA or sup sag sinus may result in what sensory/motor deficits?
|
contralateral leg and foot deficits
|
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Where is the "artery of cerebral hemorrhage"?
|
one of the lateral striate arteries from the MCA
|
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Thrombosis of the central artery (off the MCA) would result in what deficits?
|
contralateral spastic paralysis and/or parasthesia of the face and upper 1/2 of the body.... wow
|
|
What is the blood supply to Broca's area?
|
frontal branches of the MCA
|
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Broca's/Wernicke's aphasia, auditory deficits, and arm/forearm/hand motor/sensory deficits point to occlusion of what major cerebral artery?
|
MCA
|
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What specific artery supplies Wernicke's area?
|
angular artery (from MCA) is the chief supply
|
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What artery supplies most of the central gray matter and anteromedial portion of the white matter of the spinal cord?
|
anterior spinal artery
|
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occlusion of what artery may result in "central cord syndrome"?
|
anterior spinal artery
|
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Tabes dorsalis or tertiary neurosyphilis may affect what arteries?
|
posterior spinal aa.
|
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What artery is the major supply to the inferior 2/3 of the spinal cord? What surgical procedure may comprise this?
|
1. great anterior artery of adamkiewicz
2. surgical repair of AAA |
|
What spinal levels are most frequently involved in ischemic necrosis of the spinal cord?
|
enlargements at C2-3, T1-4, & L1
|
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Lateral Medullary (wallenberg) syndrome may result from occlusion of what artery?
|
PICA
|
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Uncal herniation may compress what artery?
|
the PCA --> necrosis of the primary visual cortex
|
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The paracentral lobule is supplied by what artery?
|
ACA
|
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Primary cortex, premotor cortex, brocha's area, wernicke's area, primary somesthetic, primary auditory cortex are all supplied by what artery?
|
MCA
|
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The primary visual cortex is supplied by what artery?
|
PCA
|
|
What are the two most common causes of intracranial hemorrhage?
|
HTN
trauma |
|
45 yo Pt. presents saying they have a "bursting headache", the worst they have ever felt.You notice nuchal rigidity and a positive kernig's sign. What do you suspect?
|
subarachnoid hemorrhage
|
|
What are the 3 phaes of deglutition?
|
1. oral phase
2. oropharyngeal phase 3. pharygo-esophageal phase |
|
What separates the nasal cavity from the nasopharynx?
|
choanae
|
|
What separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?
|
pharyngeal isthmus
|
|
What separates the oral cavity from the oropharynx?
|
Faucial isthmus
|
|
At what spinal level does the laryngopharynx meet the esophagus?
|
C6
|
|
What is the innervation to the piriform recesses?
|
internal laryngeal nerve (look for pooling sign)
blood: superior laryngeal artery |
|
How is "pharyngeal speech" accomplished in post-laryngectomy patients (what muscles)?
|
vibration of cricopharygneus muscle via regurgitation of swallowed air
|
|
What clinically important potential space is b/w the buccopharyngeal fascia and the prevertebral fascia?
|
retropharyngeal space
|
|
What CN's provide important GVA and SVE fibers for the gag reflex in the pharynx?
|
GVA: CN IX
SVE: CN X (in by 9, out by 10) |
|
Where is the blade often placed to pull open the epiglottis during intubation?
|
In the valleculae epiglottica
|
|
What nerve and artery pierce the thryohyoid membrane?
|
internal branch of SLN
SLA |
|
What nerve courses posterior to the cricothyroid joint?
|
RLN
|
|
What is the only abductor of the vocal cords?
|
posterior cricoarytenoid
|
|
This muscle is the only abductor of the vocal cords.
|
What is the posterior cricoarytenoid m?
|
|
This muscle and nerve can be tested by having the patient say "e-e-e" in a high pitched voice.
|
What is the cricothyroid m
innervated by ext branch of SLN |
|
What is the chief sensory nerve to the interior of the layrnx?
|
internal branch of the SLN
|
|
What is the key afferent component of the laryngeal cough reflex?
|
ibSLN
|
|
What nerve must be considered if a patient presents with hoarseness and dysphagia?
|
lesions of the RLN
|
|
What nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
|
external branch of the SLN
|
|
What nerve innervates all the laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid?
|
RLN from CN X
|
|
What group of lymph nodes become enlarged w/ thyroid carcinoma and subacute thyroiditis?
|
Delphian lymph nodes (on midline of thyrohyoid membrane)
|
|
What part of the vocal folds is mobile?
|
posterior attachment
anterior is fixed |
|
What layer of the scalp is prone to easy spread of infections to the brain via emissary veins?
|
loose subaponeurotic layer
|
|
What artery accompanies the greater occipital nerve?
|
occipital a
|
|
What nerve accompanies the posterior auricular a?
|
lesser occipital n
|
|
What nerve accompanies the superficial temporal a?
|
auriculotemporal n
|
|
What artery accompanies the supraorbital n.?
|
supraorbital a
|
|
What artery accompanies the supratrochlear n?
|
supratrochlear a
|
|
What artery, vein, and nerve are imbedded in the parotid gland?
|
facian n
retromandibular v external carotid a |
|
What is the primary motor and sensory functions of the facial nerve?
|
motor: muscles of facial expression
sensory: taste buds on ant 2/3 of tongue |
|
What are the symptoms (deficits) associated with these branches of the facial n?:
1. nerve to stapedius m 2. greater superficial petrosal n 3. chorda tympani n. |
1. stapedius --> hyperacusis
2. petrosal --> dec. lacrimation 3. tympani --> loss of taste in ant. 2/3 of tongue |
|
What are some etiologies of bell's palsy?
|
idiopathic
surgical traumatic tumor of parotid |
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The following symptoms should point to what condition?:
ectropion (drooping of lower lid) piphora (spilling tears) dry cornea can't wink unequal smile drooling hyperacusis |
bell's palsy
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All mimetic muscles are innervated by this nerve.
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facial n!
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What are 3 symptoms of paralysis of the orbicularis oculi?
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drooping lower lid
spilling tears corneal drying |
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What is the innervation to the buccinator muscle?
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buccal branch of CN VII
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This landmark vein of the face is deep to the mandible, parotid, and CN VII. It joins the post auricular v to form the EJV.
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What is the retromandibular vein?
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What are the 3 cutaneous nerves (divisions) of the trigeminal n?
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V1: ophthalmic
V2: maxillary V3: mandibular |
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What is the nerve trunk b/w CV3 and CV4? (answer is a number)
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C4 ... b/c nerves are named for vertebral body below it in the cervical region
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At what spinal level does the spinal cord end?
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L1
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What is the nerve naming rule below L1?
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lateral to medial (L2-S4)
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What layer of fascia in the cheek region may form a ligament that can become calcified and obstruct the needle in a maxillary n block?
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pterygoid fascia (pterygospinous ligament)
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What a/v/n's pass through the space b/w the sphenomandibular ligament and the neck of the mandible?
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maxillary a/v
auriculotermporal n |
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The muscles of mastication are all innervated by branches of this nerve.
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What is the mandibular division of V?
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The masseter is innervated by what nerve?
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masseteric nerve from mandibular nerve (V3)
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A fracture here will cause the proximal portion of the mandible to displace upward and forward.
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What is fractures anterior to the angle of the mandible?
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What nerve and artery usually pass b/w the heads of the lateral pterygoid m?
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maxillary a
long buccal n |
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What muscles help the mouth open wide?
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lateral pterygoid
suprahyoid muscles |
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What 3 muscles close the mouth?
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temporalis
masseter medial pterygoid |
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What types of joints are the two of the TMJ?
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1. superior joint --> gliding joint
2. inf. joint --> hinge-type joint |
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The articular disk of the TMJ is attached to what muscle?
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sphenomeniscus m
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What are the average mental angles of the jaw in the following ages?
newborn adult senior |
newborn: 175 deg
adult: 110-120 (dentition) senior: 140 |
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What nerve passes through the foramen ovale?
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mandibular n
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This nerve (branch of V3) supplies GSA fiber to the meningeal dura via the foramen spinosum.
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What is the recurrent meningeal n?
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This nerve supplies GSA fibers to the epithelia of the inner and outer cheek.
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what is the buccal n?
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This nerve supplies GSA fibers to the ant. 2/3 of the tongue.
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What is the lingual n?
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What artery and n pass through the foramen spinosum?
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MMA
recurrent meningeal branch of V3 |
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This is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery and supplies the nasal cavity.
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What is the sphenopalatine a
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A unilateral diminution or absence of this sulcus may indicate a neurological disorder.
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What is the nasolabial sulcus?
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The parotid duct pierces what muscle?
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The buccinator m
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Where is the orifice of the parotid duct in the oral cavity?
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inner cheek opposite the crown of second upper molar
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The mucosa of the inner check is innervated by what nerve?
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buccinator nerve
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Where is the orifice of the submandibular duct?
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apex of sublingual caruncle
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Where is the lingual tonsil located?
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dorsum of post 1/3 of tongue
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All of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus) are innervated by this nerve.
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What is the hypoglossal n
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unilateral hypoglossal palsy results in deviation of the tongue towards what side?
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towards the affected side
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What is the innervation of the tensor veli palatini m?
Levator veli? |
tensor: mandibular n (V)
levator: pharyngeal plexus (X) |
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If the levator or tensor veli palatini muscles are unilaterally paralyzed, what will you see in the back of the mouth?
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The uvula deviates towards the normal side (intact muscles pull it)
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What is a big bleeder during a tonsillectomy?
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tonsillar v
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Where is a common site of nose fractures?
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junction b/w septal cartilage and the ethmoid and vomer
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What artery and nerve supply the post 2/3 of the nasal cavity?
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sphenopalatine a (branches)
sphenopalatine ganglion |
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What artery and nerve supply the ant 1/3 of the nasal cavity?
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anterior ethmoidal artery
anterior ethmoidal n |
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This tonsil is located on the roof of the nasopharynx.
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What is the pharyngeal tonsil (called adenoid when it hypertrophies)
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This is a clinically important landmark that is a cartilagenous eminence above the opening for the auditory tube into the nasopharynx.
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What is the torus tubarius
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When performing transsphenoidal surgery, why must the lateral walls be avoided? What wall are you normally approaching?
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1. avoid lateral walls --> ICA
2. Access to pituitary --> superior |
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What nerve connects the greater petrosal and deep petrosal nerves to the pterygopalatine ganglion?
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vidian n
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La Végétation
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vegetation
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