Neuro

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3 major structures of the brain

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cerebral hemispheres; cerebellum; caudal portion of the brainstem

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gyri

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ridges between convoluted surfaces of the brain

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sulci

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valleys between convoluted surfaces of the brain

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fissures

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esp. deep valleys between convoluted surfaces of the brain

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cerebral cortex

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thin layer of neural tissue - covers entire cerebrum

convoluted surface of the cerebral hemispheres; composed of continous, layered, laminated sheet of neurons and supporting cells

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lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

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frontal parietal occipital temporal

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central sulcus

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valley that separates the anterior lobe of the cerebral hemisphere from the parietal lobe

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What is the importance of the precentral gyrus?

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area of the anterior lobe - its cortex is the motor cortex and contains neurons whose axons project to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord that innervate skeletal muscles

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motor cortex

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the cortex of the precentral gyrus of the anterior lobe of the cerebral hemisphere. it contains neurons whose axons project to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord that innervate skeletal muscles

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lateral (Sylvian) fissure

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separates anterior lobe of the cerebral hemisphere from the temporal lobe

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insular cortex

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of the insula between the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral hemisphere - visceral and autonomic function, including taste

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What is the importance of the postcentral gyrus?

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found in parietal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere - cortex is concerned with somatic sensation (somatic sensory cortex)

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somatic sensory cortex

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of the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere - concerned with somatic sensation

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occipital lobe

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of the cerebral hemisphere - vision

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frontal lobe

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of the cerebral hemisphere - plans responses to stimuli

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parietal lobe

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of the cerebral hemisphere - attends to stimuli

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temporal lobe

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of the cerebral hemisphere - recognizes stimuli

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corpus callosum

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tract of axons that bridges the two cerebral hemispheres. contains axons that originate from neurons in one hemisphere that contact target neurons in the other hemisphere

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hippocampus

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memory

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uncus

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structure that contains the pyriform cortex

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pyriform cortex

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contained in the uncus; processes olfactory information

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cerebral peduncles

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two large tracts posterior to the hypothalamus; contain axons that project to the motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord

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parieto-occipital sulcus

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valley that separates the pareital lobe of the cerebral hemisphere from the occipital

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calcarine sulcus

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valley that divides the medial surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebral hemisphere
marks the location of the primary visual cortex

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cingulate sulcus

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valley that extends across the medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes

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cingulate gyrus

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ridge that is below the cingulate sulcus - limbic lobe

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limbic system

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limbic lobe wraps around the corpus callosum
cingulate gyrus + its associated cortex
regulates visceral motor activity
regulates emotional expression

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dorsal thalamus

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relays info from cerebral cortex to other parts of brain
largest component of diencephalon - many subdivisions

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hypothalamus

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control of homeostatic and reproductive functions
part of diencephalon
closely related to pituitary gland

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infundibulum

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= pituitary stalk
attaches pituitary gland to hypothalamus

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what are the functions of neuroglial cells?

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1. maintain ionic milieu
2. modulate rate of nerve signal propagation
3. control neurotransmitter uptake to modulate synaptic action
4. provide scaffold for neural dvpt
5. aid (or prevent) recovery from neural injury

do NOT directly participate in synaptic interactions or electrical signaling

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synaptic transmission

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process by which information encoded by action potentials is passed on to the next cell in the pathway (passed on at synaptic contacts)

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dendrites

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major sites for synaptic terminals

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synaptic vesicles

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secretory organelles filled with molecules of neurotransmitter - located in the presynaptic terminals

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what are the types of neuroglial cells?

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1. astrocytes
2. oligodendrocytes
3. Schwann cells
4. microglial cells

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astrocyte

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neuroglial cell found only in CNS - maintains chemical envt appropriate for neural signaling

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oligodendrocyte

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neuroglial cell found only in CNS - elaborates myelin

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Schwann cell

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neuroglial cell found only in PNS - elaborates myelin

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microglial cell

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neuroglial cell found only in CNS - scavenger cell that removes cellular debris found at site of injury or normal cell turnover

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circuit

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organization of neurons that processes specific kinds of information

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neutropil

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region between cell bodies where most synaptic connectivity occurs

consists of dendrites, axon terminals, and glial cell processes

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interneurons

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local neurons
have short axons
participate only in local aspects of a circuit

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knee-jerk reflex

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myotactic spinal reflex

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extracellular recording

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place electrode near neuron to detect action potential

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intracellular recording

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place electrode in neuron to detect smaller graded potentials that trigger action potentials (receptor potentials and synaptic potentials)

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synaptic potential

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graded potential that triggers action potential

arises at synapse

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receptor potential

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graded potential that triggers action potential

arises at sensory receptor

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neural system

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group of circuits that serve a similar function

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associational system

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group of cells that circuits that lies between neural system

carries out complex brain functions that are not well characterized

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PNS

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sensory neurons link sensory receptors on body surface to CNS
somatic motor and autonomic motor divisions
autonomic motor division has sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions

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ganglion

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nerve cell bodies accumulated in the PNS

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nerve

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group of axons in the PNS

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dorsal root ganglia

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accumulated nerve cell bodies of the PNS; lie adjacent to the spinal cord and deliver sensory info to the spinal cord

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cranial ganglia

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accumulated nerve cell bodies of the PNS; lie adjacent to the brainstem

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somatic motor system

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division of the PNS

contains motor axons that connect skeletal muscles to CNS

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autonomic motor system

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division of the PNS

contains cells and axons that innervate involuntary muscle (smooth and cardiac) and glands

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how is the autonomic motor division of the PNS organized?

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preganglionic visceral motor neurons in the CNS synapse with peripheral motor neurons in the autonomic ganglia

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sympathetic division

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of the autonomic motor system of the PNS

autonomic ganglia lie along or in front of vertebral column

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parasympathetic division

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of the autonomic motor system of the PNS

autonomic ganglia lie in the organs they innervate

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enteric division

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of the autonomic motor system of the PNS

autonomic ganglia lie in the gut wall

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white matter

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axons of the CNS

surrounds the interior gray matter of the spinal cord

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gray matter

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neurons of the CNS

comprises the interior spinal cord

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nucleus

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compact collection of neurons in the CNS

neurons have roughly the same connections and functions

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cortex

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sheet-like array of neurons in the CNS

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tract

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accumulation of neurons in the CNS

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what are the 7 divisions of the CNS?

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1. spinal cord
2. medulla
3. pons
4. cerebellum
5. midbrain
6. diencephalon
7. cerebral hemispheres

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which 3 structures comprise the brainstem?

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1. medulla
2. pons
3. cerebellum

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which 2 structures comprise the forebrain?

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1. diencephalon
2. cerebral hemispheres

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what are the 4 regions of the spinal cord?

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1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral

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from where do peripheral nerves arise?

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from the 31 segmental pairs of the spinal cord

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how does sensory info enter the CNS?

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it is carried by axons of afferent neurons into the spinal cord via dorsal roots

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how does motor info leave the CNS?

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it is carried by axons of efferent neurons out of the spinal cord via ventral roots

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what is the purpose of an enlargement of the spinal cord?

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region of the spinal cord enlarged to accommodate the greater number of neurons needed to process info related to limbs

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cervical enlargement

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enlarged region of the spinal cord that contains neurons that process info related to the arms

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lumbar enlargement

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enlarged region of the spinal cord that contains neurons that process info related to the legs

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cauda equina

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the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column

the cauda equina is the emergence of the lumbar and sacral nerve roots in the vertebral canal without the spinal cord

target for LP

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what is the interior of the spinal cord composed of?

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gray matter

dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns

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dorsal horns of the spinal cord

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(posterior)

receive sensory info that enters spinal cord via dorsal roots

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ventral horns of the spinal cord

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(anterior)

cell bodies of motor neurons that send axons to skeletal muscles

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lateral horns of the spinal cord

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contain preganglionic visceral motor neurons that project to sympathetic ganglia of the PNS

found only in thoracic region

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what is the exterior of the spinal cord?

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white matter - axons

dorsal, ventral, and lateral columns

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dorsal columns of the spinal cord

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white matter axons

carry ascending sensory info from somatic mechanoreceptors

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ventral columns of the spinal cord

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white matter axons

carry descending motor info

carry ascending pain and temp info

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lateral columns of the spinal cord

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white matter axons

aka cortico-spinal tracts

axons that travel from cerebral cortex to spinal motor neurons

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pons

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part of the brainstem

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medulla

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part of the brainstem

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cerebellum

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part of the brainstem

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diencephalon

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part of the forebrain

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cerebral hemispheres

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part of the forebrain

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cranial nerve nuclei

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collections of neurons within the brainstem

targets of cranial sensory nerves
source of cranial motor nerves

11 cranial nerves

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tectum

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dorsal surface (roof) of midbrain

composed of superior and inferior colliculi

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tegmentum

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ventral surface (covering) of midbrain

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folia

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ridges and valleys of the cerebral cortex

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neocortex

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makes up most of cerebral cortex

contains 6 layers

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basal ganglia

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complex motor functions

hippocampal cortex (inside temporal lobe); striatum (caudate and putamen nuclei); globus pallidus

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septal or basal forebrain nuclei

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implicated in Alzheimer's

ventral to basal ganglia in the forebrain

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amygdala

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emotional processing

collection of nuclei in front of the hippocampus

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internal capsule

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axon tract ascending to the cerebral cortex

links cerebral cortex to the rext of the brain and spinal cord

stroke/injury to internal capsule has devastating consequences

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fornix

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axon tract in each of the cerebral hemispheres

interconnects hippocampus and hypothalamus

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cerebral ventricles

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no unique function, but useful guide to location

series of interconnected spaces in forebrain and brainstem that are filled with CSF

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choroid plexus

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produces CSF

composed of lateral, third, and fourth cerebral ventricles

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what are the 3 regions of the cranial cavity?

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anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae

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meninges

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protective tissue layers that surround brain inside cranial cavity; also extend down brainstem and spinal cord

dura mater; arachnoid mater; pia mater

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dura mater

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outermost layer of the meninges

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arachnoid mater

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middle layer of the meninges

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pia mater

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innermost layer of the meninges; adheres to surface of brain

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cisterns

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places where subarachnoid space is very large

(pia mater adheres closely to convoluted surface of the brain, but arachnoid mater does not)

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subarachnoid space

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major arteries supping the brain course through here - branches penetrate the cerebral hemispheres

frequent site of bleeding after trauma

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collection of blood between meningeal layers

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subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage

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which arteries supply the spinal cord?

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vertebral arteries (from subclavian arteries)

medullary arteries (from the aorta) - join to form anterior and posterior spinal arteries

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anterior and posterior spinal arteries

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1 of 2 main blood supplies to the spinal cord (the other is the vertebral arteries)

formed by the joining of the medullary arteries (branches from the aorta)

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result of loss of blood supply to posterior spinal cord

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loss of sensory function

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result of loss of blood supply to anterior spinal cord

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loss of motor function

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what is the blood supply to the brain?

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1. internal carotid arteries (from common carotid artery)

2. vertebral arteries (from subclavian artery)

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basilar artery

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joining of the right and left vertebral arteries at the pons

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circle of Willis

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arterial ring at the base of the brain

conjoining the 2 major sources of cerebral vascular supply improves chances of brain continuing to receive bld if one of the major arteries becomes occluded

basilar artery (rt and left vertebral arteries) + internal carotid arteries form ring

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anterior circulation

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supplies the forebrain - cortex and deep structures: basal ganglia, thalamus, internal capsule

anterior and middle cerebral arteries (arise from internal carotid artery at circle of Willis)

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posterior circulation

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supplies the midbrain, brain stem, and posterior cortex

branches from posterior cerebral, basilar, and vertebral arteries

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AICA and PICA

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anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

both are important dorsal-lateral arteries that supply dorsal-lateral brainstem and cerebellum

common sites of occlusion and result in specific functional deficits

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stroke

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death or dysfunction of brain tissue due to vascular disease

often follows occlusion of or hemorrhage from arteries in the brain