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50 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Indirect activation system
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Extrapyramidal Tract
Includes Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Helps regulate and modify cortically initiated motor movements |
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Direct activation system
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Pyramidal Tract, Initiation of controlled skilled voluntary movements
Comprised of Corticospinal and Corticobulbar |
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UMN damage typically results in?
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UMN=Entirely in CNS
Paresis Weakness Hypertonia Hyperreflexia Spasticity |
They include Extrapyramidal & Pyramidal Tracts.
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LMN damage typically results in?
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(final common path- receives UMN info)
*Paralysis (most likely) vs. Paresis Weakness Hypotonia Hyporeflexia Fasciculations Atrophy |
LMN includes Spinal and Cranial Nerves and communicate with the PNS.
They result in muscular movement |
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Damage to this lobe results in personality changes, decreased ability to plan or initiate actions and decreased problem solving/reasoning.
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Frontal Lobe
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Voluntary movement involves which part of the brain?
Number? |
Frontal lobe - Primary Motor Cortex (4)
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What does the Supplementary Motor Cortex do?
Number? |
(6)- Interprets info form the Primary motor cortex (4)
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What is Broca's area most important for?
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(44) - Motor speech planning
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What is a common site of closed head injuries that results in damage to executive function.
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Prefrontal Cortex (9, 10, 11, 12)
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Parietal lobe is responsible for what?
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Perceptual analysis an interpretation of general senses.
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Damage to parietal lobe in left hemisphere results in?
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LH: important for reading and word retrieval
*Alexia *Anomia Apraxia Agnosias |
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Damage to parietal lobe in right hemisphere results in?
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RH: visuospatial/visuoconstructive tasks
Spatial orientation problems (inattention & spatial neglect) Visuospatial/constructive disorders |
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What is the Primary Sensory Cortex responsible for?
Number/other name? |
Somatosensory (3-1-2): receives all sensory info from thalamus.
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Damage to Sensory Association Cortex results in?
Number? |
(5, 7)- interprets sensory data received from primary sensory cortex
*Agnosia |
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Damage to Angular Gyrus results in?
Number? |
(39)
*Amonia |
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Damage to Supramarginal Gyrus results in?
Number? |
*Alexia
*Agnosia |
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What's another name for Primary Auditory Cortex?
Number? |
(41)
Heschl's Gyrus |
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What is the Associated Language Cortex?
Number? Damage? |
(22)- Wernicke's Area or Posterior Speech Area
* Wernicke's Aphasia - Impaired spoken language comprehension - Fluent but impaired |
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What's another name for Primary Visual Cortex?
Number? |
(17)- Striate Cortex
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What is the Limbic system responsible for?
Includes? |
*Emotion
*Memory Amygdala Hippocampus Mammillary Bodies Cingulate Gyrus Uncus |
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Damage to Amygdala results in?
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Impaired pragmatic/social behavior
(think autism/schizophrenia) *It deals with the FORMATION of memory and emotions |
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Damage to Hippocampus results in?
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Impaired memory and learning
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Damage to Mammillary bodies results in?
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Irregular wakefulness and Impaired memory.
Related to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (alcoholic syndrome) |
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What syndrome is associated with damage to the Insula (Island of Reil)?
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Isolated Syndrome
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What are the 3 common White Matter Pathways? What do they do?
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1. Projection- vertical pathways that run b/w cortex and lower levels
2. Association- (horizontal) connects ares within hemispheres 3. Commissural- (horizontal) connects ares b/w hemispheres |
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Corticobulbar tract
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Part of Pyramidal system (direct system)- voluntary movement
Runs thru Posterior limb of Internal Capsule UMNs project to and synapse (exit) on LMNs of the CN nuclei (various levels of brainstem) In other words, UMNs decussate at the level of CNs they supply. They exit pathways and then cross over to Motor Nucleus. **Innervates bilaterally however it predominantly innervates CONTRALATERAL to speech muscles |
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Corticospinal tract
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Part of pyramidal tract (direct system), Voluntary movement; Predominately controls torso and upper/lower LIMBS
UMNs that take LATERAL pathways (90% of fibers crossed) decussate in the medulla and synapse on LMNs ANTERIOR pathways (10% of fibers uncrossed) descend directly to spinal cord (ventral/medial root) where they synapse with LMNs of limb muscle fibers Decussate at the level of the Medulla |
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What is the Arcuate Fasciculus?
Damage? |
Connects Wernicke's to Broca's Area.
Damage: 1. Disconnection syndrome 2. Conduction aphasia (good comprehension but impaired speech/repetition. |
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What does the Cingulum do?
Damage? |
Connects frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.
Impairs emotional and affective behavior |
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Thalamus main role?
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Relay station!
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Pulvinar lesions vs. Ventral Lateral Nucleus
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Both found in Thalamus
Pulvinar- aphasia and fluency disorders/neurogenic stuttering Ventral Lateral Nucleus- dyskinesia (movement disorder) |
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Hypothalamus roles?
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Control center for automatic nervous system (metabolic system)
- Includes body temp, hunger, thirst, etc. |
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Brainstem's main role?
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Regulate/control basic body functions (respiration, swallowing, arterial pressure, equilibrium)
- Determines level of activity and controls sleep/wake cycle. -Its a relays info from cortex to body. |
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Cerebellum's main role?
Damage? |
Coordination
*Ataxia (continuous overshooting) *Ataxic dysarthria (drunk speech) Impaired balance Nystagmus Muscle weakness |
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Damage to Substantia Nigra results in?
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Parkinson's Disease
Part of Basal Ganglia |
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Reticular Formation Activating System controls?
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Modulates awareness and controls level of alertness.
Participates in emotion, moods, cognition, visceral, metabolism, etc. |
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Lesions to Midbrain & Diencephalon?
Lesions to reticular formation at level of pons? |
Coma
Pons- Constant wakefulness |
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Damage to Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)?
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Left MCA:
*Aphasia *Apraxia *Verbal learning Impairments Right MCA: *Visuospatial impairments *Nonverbal learning impairments *Poor Deficit awareness *Poor Pragmatics *Impaired Attention It sends blood supply to frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes (including Brocas, Supramarginal gyrus, Angular gyrus, Wernicke's, Somatosensory, Motor Cortex, and Heschl's) |
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Damage to Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)?
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** Common site for aneurysm!!
- Confabulation - Disinhibition - Apathy - Amnesia - Exectuive function impairments - Poor deficit awareness Typ results in paralysis of legs/feet. |
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Damage to Basilar Artery results in which syndrome?
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Locked-in (no coma, no movement or response however intact comprehension)
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What structure (or combined structures) of the brain modulate experience of sensation, emotional capacity and attention and learning?
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Diencephalon =
Thalamus + Hypothalamus |
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What does the Amygdala do?
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Emotional Memory
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What does the Cingulate Gyrus do?
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Autonomic functions
Regulates: - heart rate - blood pressure - attention (competing & selective) - learning - memory - cognition |
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What does the Hippocampus do?
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Formation of LONG-TERM memories
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What does the Thalamus do?
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Relay station
- Alertness - Motor & sensory interpretation - Modulation |
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What does the Hypothalamus do?
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Regulates Autonomic NS via hormone production
Regulates: - heart rate - blood pressure - hunger/thirst - sexual arousal - sleep/wake cycle |
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What does the Mammillary Body do?
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Formation of memory (including olfactory)
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What does the Nucleus Accumbens do?
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"Pleasure center"
(laughter, fear, addiction, etc) |
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What is the Prefrontal cortex important for?
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DECISION MAKING!
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What is the Parahippocampal gyrus important for?
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Aids in SPATIAL memory
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