Nervous System

Front 1

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the____________.

Back 1

Spinal Cord

Front 2

The _____________ is the portion of the brain most closely associated with memory and language.

Back 2

Cerebrum

Front 3

The _____________ is the portion of a neuron most directly responsible for integrating information andtriggering action potentials.

Back 3

Axon Hillock

Front 4

_____________ play important roles in maintaining the blood-brain barrier.

Back 4

Astrocytes

Front 5

_____________ is the lipoprotein insulating material present in multiple layers of plasma membranewrapped around some axons.

Back 5

Myelin

Front 6

Controls basic body functions such as breathing and heart rate best describes the ________.

Back 6

Brainstem

Front 7

_____________ wrap around neurons in the peripheral nervous system, covering them with layers ofplasma membrane

Back 7

Schwann Cells

Front 8

A neuron maintains a resting potential primarily because _______ ions leak out of the cell, causing theinside of the cell membrane to become _________ charged with respect to the outside.

Back 8

Potassium/Negatively

Front 9

In a neuron maintaining a resting potential, K+ is encouraged to move out the neuron by a favorable____________ gradient.

Back 9

Concentration

Front 10

Rapid depolarization of a neuron generally involves a flow of _________ ions ______ a neuron.

Back 10

Sodium/into

Front 11

Hyperpolarization of a neuron causes the membrane potential to become ________ negative and islargely responsible for the __________ refractory period.

Back 11

More/relative

Front 12

An action potential is self-regenerating because positive charges entering an axon cause additional__________ channels to open.

Back 12

Voltage-gated Na+

Front 13

A neuron subjected to a strong stimulus responds by increasing the ____________ of its actionpotentials.

Back 13

Frequency

Front 14

The primary neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle is ______________

Back 14

Acetylcholine

Front 15

When an action potential reaches a neuron terminal, it causes uptake of _______ ions, which are mostdirectly responsible for exocytosis of neurotransmitter.

Back 15

Calcium

Front 16

At a neuromuscular junction involving skeletal muscle, the acetylcholine receptor is a __________channel

Back 16

Cation (positive)

Front 17

Myelinated neurons are associated with:

Back 17

Saltatory (jumping) conduction and nodes of Ranvier

Front 18

Skeletal-muscle membranes conduct action potentials. (T/F)

Back 18

True

Front 19

The __________ of a neuron is/are generally responsible for receiving most information from otherneurons.

Back 19

Dendrites

Front 20

The _________________ are the macrophages of the central nervous system.

Back 20

Mycroglia

Front 21

In the central nervous system, _________________ wrap axons with layers of plasma membrane.

Back 21

Oligodendrocytes

Front 22

The resting potential of a neuron primarily is established by movement of _______________ ions out ofthe cell.

Back 22

Potassium

Front 23

_________________ of a neuron is when the inside of the membrane becomes less negative relative tothe outside.

Back 23

Depolarization (less negative)

Front 24

A self-regenerating action potential generally depends on opening of ___________________ channels(be specific).

Back 24

Voltage-gated Na+

Front 25

Repolarization of a neuron following an action potential most often requires opening of______________________ channels (be specific)

Back 25

Voltage-gated K+

Front 26

Closure of the Na+ channel inactivation gate is responsible for the _____________ refractory period

Back 26

Absolute

Front 27

________________ conduction is when depolarization “jumps” from one node of Ranvier to another.

Back 27

Saltatory

Front 28

_________________ is the most common neurotransmitter released by neurons controlling skeletalmuscle contraction.

Back 28

Acetylcholine

Front 29

Neurons release neurotransmitters stored in vesicles by a process known as ______________.

Back 29

Exocytosis

Front 30

What is myelin and which cells are responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral and centralnervous systems?

Back 30

Myelin: Lipoprotein material wrapped around cells in plasma membrane

Cells: Schwann Cells (PNS) (Peripheral) and Oligodendrocytes (central)

Front 31

What is the resting potential of a neuron and how is it established?

Back 31

Separation of changes across membrane--inside is negative

Potassium leaks out of the cell making the inside more negative

Front 32

How does depolarization of a neuron from -70 mV to -50 mV lead to generation of an action potential?

Back 32

It will stimulate opening of voltage-gated Na+ channel

Front 33

What is membrane hyperpolarization and why does it usually occur following an action potential in aneuron?

Back 33

-Membrane hyperpolarization: Inside is more negative in resting potential

-Occur: Potassium passes through voltage-gated K+ channels and it becomes too negative since potassium is passing out so quickly

Front 34

Why does a neuron have a relative refractory period?

Back 34

If neuron is hyperpolarized, requires greater stimulant to refire

Front 35

Why does myelination of a neuron increase its speed of conduction?

Back 35

Preventing outflow of charges and rapid flow through axon

Front 36

How does depolarization of an axon terminal lead to release of neurotransmitter?

Back 36

Opens voltage-dependent K+ into neuron which causes exocytosis