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62 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
function of the nervous system |
coordinates and controls body activity |
coordinates |
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major structures of the nervous system are: ( 4) |
brain spinal cord peripheral nerves sensory organs |
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2 major divisions of the nervous system |
central nervous system : portion that consist of the brain and the spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system : portion that consist of cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic system and ganglia |
CNS and PNS ( abbreviations ) |
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basic unit of the nervous system is |
neuron |
nerves |
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3 types of neurons based on their functions : |
sensory neurons associated neurons motor neurons |
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sensory neurons, aka: |
afferent or ascending, nerves that carry sensory impulses towards the CNS ( sound or light is is converted into electrical impulses ) |
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associative neurons, aka: |
connecting neurons, nerves that carry impulses from one neuron to another |
connecting |
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Motor neurons, aka: |
efferent or descending tracts, nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS and towards the muscle and glands |
drives to ... |
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dendrites are |
root like structures of the neuron that receive impulses and conducts it to the body combining form : dendr/o |
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Axon is |
means axis/mainstem . branching fibers in the neurons that lead impulses away from the axon and towards the synapse combining form: ax/o |
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dendrites and axons are also called |
nerve fibers |
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nerve fibers are covered with |
a tube-like membrane called the neurolemma |
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neuron cell bodies grouped together within and outside the CNS are called ? |
within the CNS is nuclei on the outside of the CNS is ganglia |
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junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron and a receptor is |
synapse combining form: synaps/o synapt/o |
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neural impulses cause a release of a chemical substance called a______ which allows signals to move from one neuron to another |
neurotransmitter |
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supportive cells of the nervous system neuroglia or glial consist of 4 cells : |
astrocytes : astr/o means star shaped oligodendrocytes : oligo- means few , dendro- means means branching . few branches that hold the nerve fibers together microglia : micro - means small, small cells that help fight infection schwann : help form myelin |
gli/o means glue cyte = cells |
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what is myelin and what does is serve . what is it also called |
also called myelin sheath . protecting covering over some nerve cells ( spinal cord, white matter of the brain etc.. ) serves as an electrical insulator . gives nerve fibers a white color and myelinated nerves are called white matter |
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the grey matter is composed of |
cell bodies, branching, dendrites and neuroglia |
4 |
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a nerve is |
one or more bundles of impulse-carrying fibers that connect the central nervous system to the other parts of the body |
combining form neur/i neur/o |
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there are different terms used for nerves . name 3 |
receptors : receive stimulation and transmit stimuli : something that excites or activates reflex: automatic, involuntary response to change |
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combining form for brain and spinal cord is |
brain : encephal/o spinal cord : myel/o ( also means bone marrow ) |
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central nervous system is made up of 2 things |
the brain and the spinal cord |
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central nervous system contains what kind of matter |
white and grey matter white matter contaions myelinated fibers and grey matter consist of nerve cell bodies |
2 |
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the central nervous system ( brain and spinal cord ) are encased in |
connective tissue called meninx. since it has 3 layers usually called meninges |
membrane |
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combining form for meninges layers of the CNS |
mening/o meningi/o |
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what are the 3 layers of the meninges |
dura mater : dura means tough. it is the thick, tough outermost layer arachnoid membrane : arachn/o means spide. Its the 2d layer that is looselly attached between the layers that resembles a spiderweb. Pia mater : pia means soft and tender. third and deepest and softest layer with a rich supply of blood vessels |
1- hard 2- spider like 3 - soft |
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dura matter is also called |
pachymeninx |
pachy- means thick |
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pia matr and the arachnoid membranes are called |
leptomeninges |
lepto- means small, thin, frail |
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what does epidural and subdural mean |
epidural :(epi- : above )means space located above dural mater subdural : ( sub- below ) means space in the area located below dural matter |
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what does cerebrospinal fluid do |
its clear, colorless ultrafiltrate that nourishes, cools and cushions the Central nervous system |
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what is the abbreviation for cerebrospinal fluid |
CSF |
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in wich layer of the meninges is there a secretion of Cerebrospinal fluid |
pia mater |
vascular folds ( blood vessels ) in the ventricles called choroid plexus secrete CSF |
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portion of the skull that encloses e brain is called |
cranium combining form : crani/o |
intracranial means within the cranium |
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how is the brain divided |
either on functional group or on location ( ex: spinal cord ) |
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cerebrum is |
combining form is cerebr/o -largest part of the brain . -responsible for receiving and processing stimuli and initiating voluntary movement as well as storing information |
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cerebral cortex is made up of what kind of matter |
made up of grey mater and is arranged in folds /coils. |
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whats gyri |
elevated portion of the fold in the cerebral cortex combining form : gyr/o |
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combining form convolut/o means |
coiled |
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the medullary substance of the cerebrum is made of what kind of mater |
white mater |
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brain has small cavities called ventricles . how many does the brain have |
-4
2 lateral ventricles and a 3d and a 4th |
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ventricles of the brain are lined with |
membrane called ependyma |
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brainstem is |
stalk like portion of the brain that connects cerebral hemisphere with the spinal cord. |
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interbrain is |
part of the brainstem that contains structures responsible for the -endocrine activity - thirst and water balance -body temperature |
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the midbrain contains structures responsible for |
-visual and auditory refexes -posture and muscle control |
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what allows nerves to cross over so that one side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body |
pons |
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medulla oblongata is |
cranial continuation of the spinal cord |
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spinal cord is continuation of |
medulla oblongata |
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what does the spinal cord influence and what is it a pathway for |
influences activity of the limbs and lower part of the body. it is a pathway for impulses going to and from the brain. |
myel/o also combining form for bone marrow |
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where is the white and grey mater in the spinal cord |
grey mater in the spinal cord is located on the internal portion and not protected by myelin . White mater is on the external portion wich is myelinated |
inside and out and is or isnt myelinated |
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intumescence is the medical term for |
swelling |
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conus medullaris is |
cone -shaped end of the spinal cord |
conus means cone |
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cauda equina |
a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve roots at the end of the conus medullaris that fan outwards and backwards |
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what attaches the conus medullaris to the caudal vertebrae |
filum terminale |
filum means thread like structures |
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why is the spinal cord housed within the vertebrae |
to protect it from injury |
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what are vertebrae are protected from each other by |
intervertebral discs, they are layers separating and cushioning the vertebrae from each other |
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the texture of the center and outer layer of the intervertebral disc is |
center is gelatinous and the outer layer is fibrous |
soft on the inside hard on the outside |
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the Peripheral nervous system consist of |
the cranial nerves autonomic nervous system spinal nerves ganglia |
4 |
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cranial nerve is |
part of the PNS, originate from the undersurface of the brain.and are named for the area of function |
PNS = peripheral nevous system |
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spinal nerves is |
part of the PNS arise from the spinal cord. mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body |
PNS = peripheral nervous system |
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spinal nerves have dorsal and ventral roots , whats the difference |
dorsal root : enters the dorsal portion of the spinal cord and carries sensory impulses ventral root : emerges from the ventral portion of the spinal cord and carries motor impulses from the spinal cord to the the muscle fibers or glands |
motor impulses and sensory impulses |
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the autonomic nervous system is |
part of the PNS, 2 division that work together to maintain homeostasis within the body |
pns : peripheral nervous system homeostasis = process of maintaining stable internal body environment |
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what are the 2 divisions in the autonomic nervous system |
sympathetic : emergency and stress response (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood flow etc ) parasympathetic : returns body to normal after stressful response, maintains normal body functions |
the affect of stress and to heal |