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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nerve net:
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A series of interconnected nerve cells, found in simple animals (cnidarians)
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Grey matter
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Consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
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White matter:
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Consists of bundles of myelinated (causes “white” color) axons, white is dominant
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Basal nuclei:
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Found in cerebrum, important centers for planning and learning movement sequences
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What is a reflex? Why is it so rapid?
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The body’s automatic response to stimuli. The stimulus travels only to the spinal cord, which can produce reflexes independently of the brain. This increases the speed of the reflex.
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What are the components involved in the reflex response and how are they arranged?
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Afferent/sensory neuron conducts message of stimulus to the spinal cord.
The spinal cord sends a message along the motor neuron or an interneuron then the motor neuron to flex the muscle or contract the muscle. |
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What is the function of ependymal cells?
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Glial cells in the CNS that promote circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (cilia face fluid).
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What are astrocytes and what is their function?
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Glial cells in the CNS that provide structural support for neurons, regulate extracellular ions and neurotransmitters, and induce the formation of the blood-brain barrier.
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What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
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Regulates the chemical environment of the CNS. Prevents many cell types within the blood from entering the brain. This includes many macrophages, leaving the defense of the brain up to the microglia.
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How do afferent and efferent neurons differ?
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Afferent neurons: Transmit information towards the CNS. (Sensory)
Efferent neurons: Transmit information away from the CNS. (Motor, “Effect”) |
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What are the two components of the efferent branch of the PNS?
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Motor system: Sends info. to muscles and glands
Autonomic nervous system: Sends info. out to smooth muscle and cardiac muscles & glands, regulates internal environment (auto-we can’t control these muscles) |
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What are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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Sympathetic division: Arousal and energy generation, “fight or flight”
Parasympathetic division: Reponses that promote calm, “rest and digest” Enteric division: Networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas and gallbladder Sympathetic and parasympathetic work together to maintain homeostasis |
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Know the three different regions of the embryonic brain and their corresponding structures in the adult brain.
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Forebrain: Forms cerebrum (cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
Midbrain: Midbrain (part of brainstem) Hindbrain: Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum and medulla oblongata (part of brainstem) |
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What are the major functions of the brain stem and what are its three parts?
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Functions: Homeostasis, coordination of movement, conducts information to and from higher brain centers
Midbrain: Centers for receipt and integration of sensory information Medulla oblongata: Autonomic functions such as breathing, cardiovascular, swallowing, vomiting, digestion Pons: Regulation of breathing centers in medulla and other autonomic activities |
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What is an adaptation present in Bottlenose dolphins that permits substantial activity during sleep? What does this adaptation suggest about the function of sleep?
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Bottlenose dolphins sleep with only one brain hemisphere at a time. This allows them to swim while “asleep” and find oxygen. While sleep is an important function, the brain is still active while asleep. Sleep is necessary for learning, memory, and recovery.
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What is the function of the cerebellum?
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Coordinates movement and balance along with learning and remembering motor skills
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What are the three regions in the adult brain that develop from the diencephalon?
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Epithalamus: Contributes to production of cerebrospinal fluid, includes pineal gland
Thalamus: Main input center for sensory information Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis and plays a role in fight or flight, sexual and mating behaviors, and pleasure. |
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What is the function of the cerebrum?
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Information processing
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What is the function of the corpus collosum?
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Thick band of axons that provides communication between the right and left cerebral cortices.
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What four lobes comprise the cerebral cortex?
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Frontal: Speech, motor cortex
Temporal: Hearing, smell, auditory association area Occipital: Visual association area, vision Parietal: Somatosensory cortex, speech, taste, somatosensory association area, reading |
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Specific types of sensory input are directed to the primary sensory areas of the cortex via which brain structure?
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Thalamus
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What is meant by the term lateralization?
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Differences in hemisphere function.
Right hemisphere: pattern recognition, nonverbal thinking, emotional processing. Left hemisphere: language, math, logic, serial sequences |
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What is the limbic system and what happens there?
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Limbic system: Ring of structures around the brainstem, includes amygdala, hippocampus, parts of thalamus
Responsible for emotions (and memory) |
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What is the function of the amygdala?
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Helps store an emotional experience as an emotional memory
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What changes in the brain are involved in learning?
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Neurons make new connections or the strength of existing neural connections changes.
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Which brain structure is involved in accessing short-term memory?
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Hippocampus (also helps with long-term memory)
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What is long-term potentiation and what does it involve?
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A lasting increase in the strength of synaptic transmission. It involves glutamate receptors. Can only occur if the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are stimulated at the same time, which causes the set of receptors on the postsynaptic membranes to change.
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