Ndfs 200 Exam 3

Front 1

What are food sources of Vitamin D?

Back 1

Milk
Dairy
Foritified foods

Front 2

What are functions of Vitamin D

Back 2

bone health
immunity
**binds to DNA and regulates gene expression (which proteins are made from genetic code)
(also Vit A--can do this because it's fat soluble, can go through membranes)

Front 3

What is a unique feature of Vitamin D?

Back 3

you can make it with UV rays

Front 4

What is the rationale for Vit D RDA?

Back 4

Women in Omaha Nebraska during winter (no UV rays, how much are they eating and not being Vit D deficient?)

Front 5

What are symptoms/diseases that come with Vit D deficiency?

Back 5

Children: Rickets
Adults: Osteomalacia

Front 6

What are symptoms/diseases with toxicity of Vit D?

Back 6

calcification of soft tissues
-overabsorption of Ca
-over deposit in kidneys, heart, blood vessels
-Ca toxicity in liver
-
weakness, loss of appetite, vomiting
mental retardation in infants

Front 7

At what levels of Vit D does toxicity occur?

Back 7

6-7 times the RDA

Front 8

How can you get Vit D toxicity?

Back 8

supplements
(never just sun, never just food)

Front 9

What is the absorption for Vit D?

Back 9

fat reaches the small intestine, CCK is signaled, CCk causes bile to be released, creates micelles, lipase breaks down fat into free fatty acids, if small enough it will go into blood-->portal vein-->liver, if large its absorbed into lacteals and carried with cholymicrons in lymphatic system-->thoracic duct-->blood

Front 10

What are food sources for Vitamin E?

Back 10

oils
(plant oils)

Front 11

What is the function of Vit E?

Back 11

Antioxidants

Front 12

What are the 3 antioxidant vitamins?

Back 12

ACE
(beta-carotene, Vit C, Vit E)

Front 13

What are the benefits of antioxidants?

Back 13

reduces risks for cancer, death (reduces oxidation of lipids in your body)

Front 14

What is the basis for the RDA of Vit E?

Back 14

enough to reduce hydrogen peroxide induced hemolysis---take blood and add h2o2
(low on Vit E--all cells would rupture)

you want hemolysis to be reduced 12%

Front 15

What are symptoms of Vit E deficiency?

Back 15

increased cancer risk
(anything that oxidation causes/increases)

Front 16

What are symptoms of Vit E toxicity?

Back 16

decreased Vit K absorption (vit K deficiency)

Front 17

What are food sources of Vitamin A

Back 17

preformed (retinoids): animal products, liver

carotenoids (provitamin): dark green, yellow-orange veggies

Front 18

What are the functions of Vit A?

Back 18

beta-carotene antioxidant
**eyes
cell differentiation (binding to DNA and regulate gene transcription, **making new cells**)

Front 19

What is the process of night-blindness

Back 19

**study pathway of night blindness!!**

Front 20

What are symptoms/diseases of Vit A deficiencies?

Back 20

Any cells that have a high turnover will be effected
***decreased immunity (you can not make new cells--a cold will put you out for weeks)
-night blindness
-xeropthalmia (irreversible blindness) (xero=dry, opthalmia=eye)
--liver stores vit A so well, only need a large supplement once a year

Front 21

What are symptoms/diseases of Vit A toxicity?

Back 21

death
birth defects (acutane)

Front 22

What are food sources for Vit K?

Back 22

tobacco
green leafy veggies

Front 23

what is the difference between Menaquinone and Phylloquinone?

Back 23

Mena comes from animals
Phyllo comes from plants

(quinone refers to the structure of Vit K)

Front 24

What are functions of Vit K?

Back 24

blood clotting VIA PROTHROMBIN (prothrombin-->thrombin-->clotting)

Front 25

What is the basis of the RDA for Vit A?

Back 25

based on adequate body pool (maintaining a pool--getting as much as you're usuing)

Front 26

What is the basis for the RDA for Vit K?

Back 26

AI (Adequate Intake for healthy population, they are healthy and this is how much they are consuming)

Front 27

What are symptoms of Vit K deficiency?

Back 27

hemorrhages

Front 28

What are symptoms for toxicity of Vit K?

Back 28

no symptoms, Vit K is readily excreted

Front 29

What fat-soluble vitamin is not readily stored, but increased excreted readily?

Back 29

Vitamin K

Front 30

What water-soluble vitamin is readily stored, instead of readily excreted?

Back 30

B12

Front 31

What is generally the reason for Vit B12 deficiency?

Back 31

problem in absorption not in intake

Front 32

What are food sources of B12?

Back 32

non really
animals don't make it, plants don't make it
only through bacterial product (animals have bacteria all through them)
vegans--only way they get b12 is if veggies have bacteria on it

Front 33

What deficiency can cause a deficiency in folate?

Back 33

vit b12

Front 34

What are cholene, torine, blah blah blah

Back 34

vitmain like compounds that your body synthesizes

Front 35

What are the food sources for Thiamin?

Back 35

pork/hot dogs
enriched bread/rolls
legumes
peanuts
mushrooms Thiaminase (intestinal bacteria/raw fish)

Front 36

What are functions of Thiamin?

Back 36

decarboxylation reactions in CHO metabolism
TCA, nerve function (highly respirating cells)

Front 37

What is the basis for the RDA of Thiamin?

Back 37

optimal amount of vitamin to produce the most enzyme activity

Front 38

Which water soluble vitamin is most readily excreted and how long until you show signs of deficiency?

Back 38

Thiamin, 10 days

Front 39

Does an increase in Thiamin increase enzyme activity?

Back 39

To a point
more vitamin does not mean more enzyme once enzymes have maxed out

Front 40

What are symptoms/diseases of Thiamin

Back 40

BeriBeri
Wet: heart failure, weakening of capillary walls, peripheral edema
Dry: peripheral neuropathy (loss of feeling in hands/feet), loss of muscle function/paralysis, muscle wasting, mental confusing

Front 41

Who was the man on the Japanese ships that experimented with Thiamin?

Back 41

Takehiro

Front 42

Explain the experiment with Japanese sailors. What Vitamin is tested?

Back 42

Thiamin:
given british diet (not polished rice), 14 got ber beri --cheaters
(before: 161/376 afer: 14/287)

Front 43

Who did the experiment with Indonesian chickens? What vitamin was involved? What were the results?

Back 43

Christian Eijkman (1882-3)
Thiamin
chickens with polished rice before and after got sick (same symptoms as humans)

Front 44

Is there any toxicity for Thiamin?

Back 44

No--so readily excreted

Front 45

What is the basis for the RDA for Riboflavin?

Back 45

RBC glutathione reductase activity coefficient, urinary excretion

Front 46

What are functions of Riboflavin?

Back 46

reducing equivalent carriers in redox reactions (FADH)
pyruvate-->acetyl coa
citric acid cycle
beta oxidation
aa oxidation
ETC

Front 47

What are symptoms/diseases of Riboflavin deficiency?

Back 47

Ariboflavinosis (rare)
glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), cheilosis (cracking of the corners of the mouth)

Front 48

How soon does ariboflavinosis occur?

Back 48

2 months @ < 25% RDA

Front 49

Who is at risk for Ariboflavinosis?

Back 49

low milk/dairy intake
alcoholics
long term phenobarbital

Front 50

What are the two coenzyme forms of Niacin?

Back 50

NAD
NADH

Front 51

What are food sources of Niacin?

Back 51

25% from poultry/meat
11% from enriched bread products
rest from tryptophan

Front 52

What is the RDA for Niacin?

Back 52

14 NE/day women
16 men

Front 53

What is the basis for Niacin RDA?

Back 53

based on urinary excretion of niacin metabolism

Front 54

What are functions of Niacin?

Back 54

(over 200 reactions)
glycolysis
beta oxidation
lypogenesis
aa synthesis, breakdown
krebs cycle
ETC
bridge reaction
lactate

Front 55

how much tryptophan is needed to create 1mg of Niacin?

Back 55

60mg

Front 56

how much tryptophan is in protein?

Back 56

about 1%

Front 57

How much tryptophan is in 60g of protein? How much niacin is made from that?

Back 57

600 mg tryptophan
10 mg niacin

Front 58

What disease comes from deficiency of Niacin?

Back 58

Pellegra

Front 59

What are the 4 D of Pellegra?

Back 59

Dementia
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Death

Front 60

What are symptoms of Pellegra (dermatitis)

Back 60

Mal de la rosa (red sickness)
Pelle agra (rough skin)
casal's necklace (where exposed to skin)

Front 61

What is the story of pellegra in Europe?

Back 61

niacin bound in corn
native americans would soak it in alkaline solution
when in europe, wouldn't soak so niacin wasn't released

Front 62

Who experimented with Pellegra?

Back 62

Goldberger

Front 63

what is the relationship between niacin and blood lipids?

Back 63

1.5 - 3g nicotinic acid decreases LDL, increases HDL

Front 64

What is are the functions of Pantothenic acid?

Back 64

Acetyl CoA formation
-pyruvate
-beta oxidation
-AA
-alcohol
CoA as acyl carrier at -SH end of cysteine

Front 65

What is the basis for the AI of Pantothenic Acid?

Back 65

intake adequate to replace urinary excretion

Front 66

What is the AI for Pantothenic Acid?

Back 66

5mg/day (avg intake meets AI)

Front 67

Describe the deficiency of pantothenic acid

Back 67

very rare
headache, burning

Front 68

Describe the absorption of Biotin

Back 68

free biotin in sm intestine directly
Biocytin cleaved in sm intestine by biotindase

Front 69

What are the functions of Biotin?

Back 69

carboxylation reactions

Front 70

What are deficiencies of Biotin?

Back 70

rare
neurological
hallucinations
numbness

Front 71

What are food sources of Biotin?

Back 71

cauliflower
yolk
liver
peanuts
cheese

Front 72

What is the basis of the AI for Biotin?

Back 72

extrapolation from exclusively breast fed infants

Front 73

What is the AI for Biotin? Is there a UL?

Back 73

30ug/day
no UL

Front 74

Is biotin content well known?

Back 74

no, only available for sm number of foods
unsure of biotin synthesized bacterially

Front 75

Why no UL?

Back 75

we excrete more than we consume (our bacteria makes it)

Front 76

What is Avidin? What does it do?

Back 76

egg white protein
binds to biotin / inhibits absorption
>12 raw egg whites to take effect
cooking denatures

Front 77

What is biocytin?

Back 77

protein bound form of biotin in food
covalently bound to lysine

Front 78

What is biotinidase?

Back 78

in sm intestine
cleaves the bond and makes available for absorption
1 in 60,000 infants dont have enzyme
deficiencies within months, treated in large doses

Front 79

What is biotin used for in biotechnology?

Back 79

mRNA isolation

Front 80

Which B vitamins are more readily absorbed from supplements than their naturally occurring food forms?

Back 80

Niacin, Biotin
because they are bound to proteins

Front 81

Why are healthy humans in negative biotin balance?

Back 81

we make biotin and also eat it so the body excretes more than we consume

Front 82

What is the RDA basis for Vit B6?

Back 82

based on AI

Front 83

What are food sources for Vit B6?

Back 83

muscle of meat, fish, poultry, whole grains, banana, spinach

Front 84

What are the functions fo Vit B6?

Back 84

transamination
neurotransmitter synthesis
glycogenolysis

Front 85

What are symptoms/diseases for deficiency of vit b6>

Back 85

hypochromic anemia
convulsion, depression, confusion (because b6 works in brain/neuro functions)
peripheral nerve damage

Front 86

Who is at risk for b6 deficiency?

Back 86

elderly
alcoholics

Front 87

What is the UL for B6?

Back 87

100mg

Front 88

What is the basis for the RDA of b6?

Back 88

development of nerve damage

Front 89

How much b6 is needed to see effects of toxicity?

Back 89

1g more

Front 90

Where do you see benefits for extra b6? how much extra shows benefits?

Back 90

NVP (nausea, vomiting, pregnancy)
25mg

Front 91

What is significant about the absorption of Folate?

Back 91

conjugase removes excess glutamate
must be monoglutamate
(changed back to polyglutamate in liver)

Front 92

What are the coenzyme forms of Folate?
What do they do?

Back 92

THFA (tetrahydrofolate)
transfer single carbon groups
(methylation homocysteine-->methionine)

Front 93

What are food sources of Folate?

Back 93

LIVER
fortified breakfast cereals
grains, legumes
foliage veggies
susceptible to oxidation, UV light

Front 94

What is the RDA for folate?

Back 94

males (14-70): 400mg
females (14-70) 400mg
pregnant: 600mg
lactation: 500mg

Front 95

What is the basis for the RDA of folate?

Back 95

RBC folate, plasma homocystein, plasma folate

Front 96

What are the functions of folate?

Back 96

transfer single carbon units (methyl groups)
DNA/RNA synthesis (cell division, methotrexate therapy)
neurotransmitter synthesis
homocysteine-->methionine

Front 97

What are symptoms of folate deficiency?

Back 97

rapid turnover cells most affected
megaloblastic anemia (low DNA/RNA synthesis)
CVD --homocysteine toxicity
Neural tube defects
cancer (hypomethylation)

Front 98

What is megaloblastic anemia?

Back 98

deficient in folate or b12
immature RBC not able to divie (b/c DNA synthesis impossible)

Front 99

What is the relationship between folte and spina bifida?

Back 99

ridge of neural tissue along back closes at 28 days--cells can't divide without folate
be aware of folate before pregnancy!
RDA increases 50% in pregnancy

Front 100

How does folate "mask" b12 deficiency?

Back 100

both b12 and folate deficiency causes anemia--can be treated with folate but that doesn't mean b12 deficiency is gone. no other way to tell of a b12 deficiency until neurological damage is already done

Front 101

What is the relationship between folate and cancer?

Back 101

chemo antagonizes folate and decreases DNA synthesis--inhibits rapidly growing cancer cells (also stops tumor inhibiting cells)

Front 102

What is epigenetics?

Back 102

alterations of chromatin that affect gene expression without changing DNA sequence

Front 103

What are the coenzymes of Vit b12?

Back 103

methylcobalamin
5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

Front 104

How is b12 synthesized?

Back 104

bacteria, fungi, algae

Front 105

How do we get b12 in our diet?

Back 105

bacteria in/on animals
contaminated fruits/veggies

Front 106

What are the functions of b12?

Back 106

(one carbon transfers)
methionine synthase
return folate coenzymes to THFA for use in other folate rxns
normal DNA synthesis
**myelin sheath
methylmalonyl CoA reductase (3cfa-->4c succinyl coa-->tca)

Front 107

How is b12 absorbed?

Back 107

1. bind with R protein
2.

Front 108

What are interfering factors with b12 absorption?

Back 108

lack r protein, intrinsic factor
low stomach acid production
anti-ulcer meds
bacterial overgrowth
tapeworm
surgically removed stomach, ileum

Front 109

What are b12 deficiencies usually due to?

Back 109

malabsorption

Front 110

What is the basis for b12 RDA?

Back 110

normal hematological status, plasma b12 levels

Front 111

What are symptoms of pernicious anemia?

Back 111

megaloblastic anemia
nerve degeneration
tingling/numbness
memory loss, dementia
paralysis
death
(early signs look like folate deficiency)

Front 112

How can you treat achlorhydria?

Back 112

inject b12

Front 113

how long until you see b12 deficiency?

Back 113

years
infants breastfed by vegan mothers

Front 114

Where is Vit C made?

Back 114

animals (not humans)

Front 115

How is vit c absorbed?

Back 115

specific evergy dependent transport system
(if intake high, passive transport, decreased % absorbed)

Front 116

What are the functions of vit c?

Back 116

hydroxylation -- cross linking collagen and elastin
redox reactions of Fe and Cu
antioxidant?
immune function (WBC saturation)
iron absorption (fe3+ to fe2+)
synthesis of carntitin, corticosteroids, cholesterol to bole acids
trptophan to seratonin
thryoxine
aldosterone

Front 117

What is collagen and elastin crosslinking needed for?

Back 117

bone
blood vessels
wound healing

Front 118

how is Vit C used in hydroxylation?

Back 118

hydroxylation of lysine and proline use iron (fe3-->fe2)
vit c is used to provide electrons

Front 119

What deficiency symptoms can you correlate to collagen/crosslinking?

Back 119

gingival lesions
pinpoint hemorrhages
capillary fragility
wound healing
scorbutic rosary

Front 120

Is scurvy around?

Back 120

New England Journal of Medicine
43 year old man
3 week history of general malaise, dysphagia, chronic cough, nausea
hemorrhagic rash on legs, perifollicular and conjunctical hemorrhages

Front 121

What is the rationale for vit c RDA?

Back 121

near-max neutrophil concentration
min urinaty excretion

Front 122

What is the RDA for Vit C?

Back 122

75-90 mg/day

Front 123

how much vit is required to prevent scurvy?

Back 123

10mg

Front 124

What is the UL for Vit C?

Back 124

2000mg

Front 125

What are symptoms of vit c toxicity?

Back 125

nausea, ab cramps, stomach inflammation, diarrhea
enhances Fe absorption (
oxalate stones, kidney failure
minor decrease in common cold
"chelation therapt" dangers

Front 126

What are vitamin like compounds?

Back 126

carnitine
inositol
taurine
lipoic acid
synthesized by body