Ncea Lvl 1 90929 Biology 1.5 Mammals As Consumers - Digestive System

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Digestion

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The chemical and mechanical process of breaking up food into soluble pieces.

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Mammal

Back 2

Feed their young with milk.
Have hair/fur.
Vertebrates.
Warm-blooded.

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Nutrients

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Substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.

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Ingestion

Back 4

The process of consuming food.
Eating.

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Absorption

Back 5

The process of substances moving into cells or tissues through diffusion.
e.g. nutrients being absorbed into the bloodstream.

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Egestion/Excretion

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The process of removing waste material.

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Mechanical Digestion
Mastication

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Chewing, ripping, piercing, grinding, movement of tongue.
Emulsification (no reaction is taking place)

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Chemical Digestion

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Enzymatic reactions, HCl.

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What helps to digest food in the stomach?

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HCl - creates a acidic environment.
Pepsin - breaks down protein.
Churning of the stomach

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Enzyme

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A catalyst - speeds up a reaction.
End in 'ase' e.g. amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase

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Denature

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The deformation of an enzyme due to extreme pH levels or temperature. The active site no longer fits in with the particular substrate and a reaction is therefore not sped up.

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Polypeptide

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Short chain of amino acids

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Carbohydrates

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Made of glucose.
E.g. starch, sucrose, fructose, cellulose

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Proteins

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Made of amino acids.
Broken down by enzyme protease (pepsin/trypsin)

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Lipids

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Made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
Broken down by enzyme lipase.

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Monosaccharide

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Simple sugar
e.g. glucose

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Polysaccharide

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Complex sugar
e.g. starch, cellulose

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Oesophagus

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Food tube

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Bolus

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Ball of food

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Stomach

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Elastic bag.
Contains HCl, pepsin, lined with mucous
pH ~2 which enables pepsin to work at it's optimum and kills bacteria

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Bile

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Made in liver
Stored in gall bladder
Emulsifies lipids
Alkaline pH 7.5-8

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Bile Duct

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Bile goes out here. Joins up with pancreas tube thing.
Goes into the duodenum

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Gall Bladder

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Stores bile

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Liver

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Nutrients are transported from the small intestine via the hepatic portal vein here. Then are sorted to where they go or converted to be stored.
Makes bile

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Deamination

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Excess protein converted into glucose
Ammonia is a by-product of and converted into urea which is removed from the body
Occurs in the liver

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Pancreas

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Secretes pancreatic juices which contain:
(Pancreatic) amylase
Trypsin, amylase, maltase, lipase

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Small Intestine

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Duodenum
Ileum

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Assimilation

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When food molecules become a part of the bodies tissue -used by the body

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Duodenum

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First part of the small intestine.
Emulsification of lipids by bile takes place here.
Lipase - lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Amylase - carbohydrates into glucose

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Chyme

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The greenish stuff that leaves the stomach.
pH is quite acidic

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Colon/
Large Intestine

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Absorption of water and minerals here.
Folded

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Villi/
Microvill

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Small projections that increase surface area in the ileum.
Villi are covered in microvilli.
Contain capillaries, lymph nodes

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Ileum

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Middle section of the small intestine
pH 7 - 9
Absorption of nutrients take place here into the bloodstream.
Covered in villi and microvilli
Wall is one cell thick

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Amylase

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Converts carbohydrates into glucose
Works best at pH 7 (both pancreatic and salivary)

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Lipase

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Converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Works best at pH 7
Pancreatic lipase from the pancreas

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Cellulase

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Converts cellulose into glucose

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Protease Pepsin

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Works best at pH 1 -2
Made from cells in gastric pits of the stomach
Breaks down proteins into amino acids

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Protease Trypsin

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Made in pancreas. In pancreatic juices.
Works best at pH 7
Breaks down proteins into amino acids

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Amino acids

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Make polypeptides that form protein.
Cannot be stored
Excess are deaminated

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Glucose

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Make up carbohydrates
Stored as glycogen

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Fatty acids and Glycerol
???

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Make up lipids
Stored as fat
???

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Appendix

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Humans do not use it but is thought to digest plant material as primates. A human equivalent of a caecum.

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Peristalsis

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Muscular movement that helps push food along. Occurs in the oesophagus, small and large intestine. Happens all the time even when you are not eating.

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Buccal Canal

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Mouth and teeth etc.

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Pharynx

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Top of the oesophagus - conducting zone at the back of the mouth