Biology - Digestive System

Front 1

Label

Back 1

1. pharynx
2. oral cavity
3. tongue
4. salivary glands
5. esophagus
6. diaphragm
7. liver
8. stomach
9. gallbladder
10. pancreas
11. common bile duct
12. pancreatic duct
13. duodenum
14. transverse colon
15. small intestine
16. ascenden. colon
17. descending colon
18. cecum
19. appendix
20. sigmoid colon
21. rectum
22. anal canal
23. anus

Front 2

uvula

Back 2

• small mass of tissue at the back of mouth
• important for creation of sounds
• closes off the openings to the nasal cavity

Front 3

pharynx

Back 3

• located at the back of the mouth
• 2 openings - trachea and esophagus (digestive tube, connects pharynx to the stomach)

Front 4

salivary glands

Back 4

produce saliva to chemically digest feed

Front 5

soft palate

Back 5

functions in closing off the openings to the ears and nose

Front 6

Why don't you swallow food into your lungs

Back 6

it is prevented from entering the trachea the epiglottis

Front 7

epi-

Back 7

above

Front 8

-glottis

Back 8

refers to the opening to the esophagus

Front 9

esophagus

Back 9

• food tube
• lies behind windpipe
• rings of smooth muscle in wall

Front 10

peristalsis

Back 10

rhythmic contraction of muscles

Front 11

esophagus ends ...

Back 11

where it joins the stomach

Front 12

Cardiac sphicter

Back 12

• muscle that can close off the opening to the stomach
• controls material going in the stomach and out of the stomach

Front 13

gastric juice

Back 13

• stomach acid
• mixes with the churned food in stomach
• kills most of the bacteria in food
• stimulates hunger

Front 14

stomach

Back 14

• can secret 2 to 3 ltr. of gastric fluid per day
• secretion and stomach's mechanical churning acts to further soften and break food into smaller pieces.
• 3 layers of muscle in the wall contract and relax

Front 15

Chyme

Back 15

term used for food after the stomach digestes it

Front 16

Hydrochloric

Back 16

important gastric secretion

Front 17

pepsin

Back 17

• enzyme produced in stomach
• acts chemically on protein to digest it

Front 18

what is partially absorbed from the stomach into the bloodstream

Back 18

water, alcohol, some medications

Front 19

how is the stomach protected

Back 19

inner lining of the stomach is protected by a layer of mucous produced by the stomach itself

Front 20

chyme moves from the stomach into

Back 20

first section of the small intestine

Front 21

pyloric sphincter

Back 21

between stomach and the small intestine

Front 22

How long does food typically spend in the stomach

Back 22

2 to 4 hours

Front 23

small intestine

Back 23

• between stomach and large intestine
• highly folded and tweisted
• 5 - 6 m long
• main part of digestion

Front 24

small intestine can be divided into three sections

Back 24

• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum

Front 25

digestion in small intestine

Back 25

• primarily chemical
• mostly in duodenum

Front 26

where does the enzymes that act chemically on food in the small intestine comes from ...

Back 26

• small intestine itself
• pancreas

Front 27

pencreatic duct

Back 27

• connects the pancreas with the small intestine
• carries enzymes needed for digestion

Front 28

how long does the digestion of food in the small intestine takes

Back 28

3 to 10 hours

Front 29

emulsified

Back 29

• large lipid molecules are physically broken down by bile resulting in droplets of lipids.
• physical process

Front 30

Bile

Back 30

• product of the liver
• stored in gall bladder
• acts to emulsify fats

Front 31

bile duct

Back 31

carries bile into small intestine

Front 32

how does aborption in the small intestine occur

Back 32

by many tiny finger-like projections that line the walls

Front 33

villi

Back 33

tiny finger-like projection that line the walls of the small intestine

Front 34

the inner surface of the small intestine is full of ...

Back 34

• tiny blood vessels and
• capillaries

Front 35

what molecules are absorbed i from the capillaries in the small intestine

Back 35

• carbohydrates
• proteins
• lipids

Front 36

where does the food goes after its digested in the small intestine

Back 36

large intestine or colon

Front 37

large intestine

Back 37

• 1.5 m long
• creates an upside-down U-shape
• surround the small intestine

Front 38

what are the 3 portions of the large intestine

Back 38

• ascending colon
• transverse colon
• descending colon

Front 39

duties of large intestine

Back 39

• reabsorption of water and essential minerals into bloodstream
• Vitamin K, folic acid and Vitamin B12

Front 40

appendix

Back 40

• small pouch located at the point where the small intestine meets the large intestine
• no function in humans

Front 41

rectum

Back 41

• end of large intestine
• acts to store fece

Front 42

anus

Back 42

opening of the rectum to the outside of the body

Front 43

define peristalsis and how it functions

Back 43

involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

Front 44

what are two types of digestion?

Back 44

chemical and mechanical.

Front 45

Where does mechanical digestion occurs

Back 45

mouth - chewed

stomach - churned and mix

small intestine - large lipid molecules are broken down by bile

Front 46

Where does chemical digestion occurs

Back 46

mouth - saliva acts on food as chewed

stomach - gastric juices act on food

small intestine - intestinal and pancreatic juices complete chemical digestion

Front 47

Where are food materials absorbed into the circulatory system?

Back 47

in the small intestine

Front 48

how is the pancreas involved in the digestion of food in the alimentary canal?

Back 48

produces and sends digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct to the small intestine where they chemically digest food.

Front 49

3 important functions of the large intestine

Back 49

1. Water and essential minterals are reabsorbed into bloodstream
2. beneficial bacteria produce some important nutrients and reabsorbs them
3. storage organ for the feces

Front 50

digestive enzymes in the mouth

(Type of Enzyme - digestive secretion - Action)

Back 50

Amylase - Saliva - begins digestion of starch to maltose

Front 51

digestive enzymes in the stomach

(Type of Enzyme - digestive secretion - Action)

Back 51

Protease - Gastric Juice - Begins digestion of proteins

Front 52

digestive enzymes in the small intestine

(Type of Enzyme - digestive secretion - Action)

Back 52

Pancreatic Juice

Amylase - Completes digestion of starch to maltose

Protease - Continues digestion of proteins

Lipase - Completes digestion of lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

Intestinal Juice

Protease - Completes digestion of proteins to amino acids

Carbohydrase - Completes digestion of carbohydrates to simple sugars

Front 53

What is an enzyme

Back 53

biological catalyst (speed up chemical reactions without themselves being altered in the process.

Front 54

5 factors that affect enzyme action

Back 54

1. pH: acidic in stomach, neutralized in small intestine
2. Surface Area:
3. Coenzymes: made from various vitamins
4. Inhibitors: bindes the enzyme
5. Temperature:

Front 55

function of the liver

Back 55

homeostatic function: filters harmful substances out of the blood and converts them to less toxic molecules. (i.e. alcohol)

Front 56

what are the cells in the liver called and what they are sensitive to

Back 56

chemoreceptors - monitor the level of a chemical

sensitive to glucose level

Front 57

function of the pancreas

Back 57

producing insulin if blood glucose level in blood rises

producing glucagon if glucose level in blood drop.