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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dysdiadochokinesis |
impairment of the ability to make movements exhibiting a rapid change of motion that is caused by cerebellar dysfunction |
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Dystonia |
distorted positioning of the limbs, neck, or trunk that is held for a few seconds and then released involuntary muscle contractions that cause repetitive, twisting movements |
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Ballistic Movements |
high velocity, repetitive movements over a short period of time |
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Athetosis |
Type of Cerebral Palsy Involuntary purposeless movements 1. nontension: contorted movements 2. tension: blocked movements and flailing Slow, involuntary, worm-like, twisting motion. |
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Aesthesiometer |
Tool used to apply and test 2-point discrimination
aka: disk-criminator |
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Kinesthesia |
identifying the excursion and direction of joint movement person's sense of position, weight, and movement in space receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints |
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Paresthesia |
abnormal sensation, such as burning or prickling |
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Stereognosis |
ability to identify sizes, shapes, and weights of familiar objects without the use of vision |
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Vibrometer |
tool used to measure sensitivity/sensation of vibration |
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Chemoreceptor |
a sensory cell or organ responsive to chemical stimuli |
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Habituation |
process of accommodating to a stimulus through repeated diminishing exposure |
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Mechanoreceptor |
a sense organ or cell that responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound |
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Neuropathy |
disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or weakness |
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Contracture |
static shortening of a muscle and connective tissue that limits range of motion at a joint |
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Tenodesis |
surgical fixation of a tendon |
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Maximum Voluntary Contraction |
the greatest amount of tension a muscle can generate and hold, however briefly, as in MMT |
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Adiadochokinesis |
inability to perform rapidly alternating movements, such as pronation and supination |
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Ataxia |
inability to coordinate movement poor balance and awkward movement, especially related to gait |
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Dysarthria |
group of speech disorders resulting from disturbances in muscular control |
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Dysmetria |
condition seen in cerebellar disorders in which the patient overshoots a target because of an inability to control movement |
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Dyssynergia |
any disturbance in smooth muscle coordination, resulting in uncoordinated and abrupt movements common for patients to split a movement into several smaller movements aspect of ataxia |
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Nystagmus |
rhythmic, constant, and rapid involuntary movement of the eyeball |
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Rebound Phenomenon of Holmes |
inability to stop a resisted muscle contraction such that a movement of the limb occurs when the resistance is unexpectedly withdrawn from the limb sign of cerebellar disease |
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Anesthesia |
complete loss of sensation |
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Hypoesthesia vs. Hyperesthesia |
decreased sensation vs. increased sensation |
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Analgesia |
complete loss of pain sensation |
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Hypoalgesia vs. Hyperalgesia |
diminished or decreased pain sensation vs. increased pain sensation |
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Astereognosis |
aka. tactile agnosia inability to distinguish or identify common objects, forms, shapes and sizes by touch alone |
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Allodynia |
a painful response to a non-tissue damaging stimulus that would not be expected to evoke pain |
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Median Nerve Distribution |
palmar side of thumb, index finger, and middle finger lateral side of ring fingr dorsal tips of thumb, index finger and middle finger, and lateral tip of ring finger |
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Radial Nerve Distribution |
Dorsal side of thumb, index finger, and lateral side of middle finger, with the exception of the tips |
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Ulnar Nerve Distribution |
Little Finger Dorsal side of middle finger and ring finger, except tips Palmar medial side of ring finger |
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MMT Grade 0 |
zero no tension palpated in muscle or tendon |
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MMT Grade 1 |
trace tension palpated in muscle or tendon but no motion occurs in the joint |
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MMT Grade 2- |
poor minus gravity-eliminated plane |
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MMT Grade 2 |
poor full ROM gravity-eliminated plane no resistance |
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MMT Grade 2+ |
poor plus full ROM gravity-eliminated plane minimal resistance with break |
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MMT Grade 3- |
fair minus against gravity |
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MMT Grade 3 |
fair full ROM against gravity no resistance |
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MMT Grade 3+ |
fair plus full ROM against gravity minimal resistance with break |
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MMT Grade 4- |
good minus full ROM against gravity |
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MMT Grade 4 |
good full ROM against gravity moderate resistance |
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MMT Grade 5 |
normal full ROM against gravity maximal resistance |
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Cervical Spine ROM |
flexion 0 - 45 extension 0 - 45 lateral flexion 0 - 45 rotation 0 - 60 |
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Thoracic and Lumbar Spine ROM |
flexion 0 - 80 extension 0 - 30 lateral flexion 0 - 40 rotation 0 - 45 |
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Shoulder ROM |
flexion 0 - 170 extension 0 - 60 abduction 0 - 170 adduction 0 horizontal abduction 0 - 40 horizontal adduction 0 - 130 |
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Shoulder ROM IR & ER |
internal rotation arm abducted 0 - 70 arm adducted 0 - 60 external rotation arm abducted 0 - 90 arm adducted 0 - 80 |
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Elbow ROM |
flexion 0 - 135/150 extension 0 |
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Forearm ROM |
pronation 0 - 80/90 supination 0 - 80/90 |
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Wrist ROM |
flexion 0 - 80 extension 0 - 70 ulnar deviation 0 - 30 radial deviation 0 - 20 |
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Thumb ROM |
DIP flexion 0 - 80/90 MCP flexion 0 - 50 palmar abduction 0 - 50 radial abduction 0 - 50 opposition - composite motion |
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Finger ROM |
MCP flexion 0 - 90 MCP hyperextension +15 - +45 PIP flexion 0 - 110 DIP flexion 0 - 80 abduction 0 - 25 |
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Hip ROM |
flexion 0 - 120
extension 0 - 30 abduction 0 - 40 adduction 0 - 35 internal & external rotation 0 - 45 |
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Knee ROM |
flexion 0 - 145 |
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Ankle and Foot ROM |
plantar flexion 0 - 50 dorsiflexion 0 - 15 inversion 0 - 35 eversion 0 - 20 |
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Perception |
the integration and interpretation of sensory impressions received from the environment into psychologically meaningful information |
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Legal Blindness |
a level of vision loss that has been legally defined to determine eligibility for benefits clinical diagnosis: central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye the best possible correction, and/or a visual field of 20 degrees or less |
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Normal Limits of Visual Field |
approximately 60 degrees nasally from the vertical meridian in each eye to 100 degrees temporally from the vertical meridian approximately 60 degrees above and 75 degrees below the horizontal meridian |
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Ophthalmologist |
an MD or DO who specializes in the medical and surgical care of the eyes and visual system and in the prevention of eye disease and injury evaluates, treats, and manages structures, functions, and diseases of the eye |
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Optometrist |
professional who has a postgraduate degree in optometry, who is trained to evaluate the eye's function, diagnose disease, and correct refractive errors with prescription glasses or contact lenses |
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Occupational Therapist and Low Vision |
may train client in some general adaptations for low vision, such as increased lighting and contrast provides referrals to specialists for more extensive training and treatment |
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Occupational Therapist Specialty Certification in Low Vision (SCLV) |
OTs who have ongoing, focused, and targeted professional development in low vision rehabilitation May train clients in the use of residual vision to complete ADLs; including environmental adaptation, compensatory techniques, community training, and training with optical and non-optical devices |
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Certified Low Vision Therapist (CLVT) |
trains clients to use vision more effectively to complete daily activities, with and without devices does not have to be an OT |
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Certified Vision Rehabilitation Therapist (CVRT) |
emphasis of training is on blind techniques, assistive technology, device use for persons who are blind or have low vision, and teaching braille does not have to be an OT |
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Certified Orientation and Mobility Specialist (COMS) |
teaches clients in systematic, efficient techniques to remain oriented and safe when traveling using long canes, sighted guides, and dog guides does not have to be an OT |
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Oculomotor Control |
efficient movement of the eyes in a coordinated manner allowing for perceptual stability includes eye alignment, accommodation, convergence and divergence, saccadic eye movements, and smooth pursuits |
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Convergence vs. Divergence (vision) |
the coordinated turning of the eyes inward to focus on an object moving towards the face vs. the coordinated turning of the eyes outward to focus on an object moving away from the face |
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Saccadic Eye Movement |
extremely fast voluntary movement of the eyes, allowing the eyes to accurately fix on a still object in the visual field as the person moves or the head turns
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Fixation |
maintaining of the visual gaze on a single location humans typically alternate saccades and visual fixations, the notable exception being a smooth pursuit |
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Smooth Pursuits Tracking |
eye movement that allows the eyes to closely follow a moving object |
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Visual Fields |
the available vision to the right, left, up and down entire area that the eyes are able to see |
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Visual Acuity |
the clarity of vision both near and far ability of the eye to distinguish the fine details of what is seen |
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Visual Attention |
awareness and identification of the body, the environment around one's body, and the relationship between the two ability to search, scan, and identify and object and filter out unnecessary details |
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Visual Attention Alertness |
most basic type of attention |
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Visual Attention Attending |
allows us to determine the what and where of things in out environment 1. selective or focal: concerned with the visual details 2. ambient or peripheral: detection of the peripheral environment and its relation to the person |
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Scanning |
ability to systematically observe and locate items in the environment ability to search the environment, focus on the important details to interpret and identify correctly uses saccadic eye movements |
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Visual Pattern Recognition |
recognition of relevant details of an object and using these details to discriminate and object from its background general: shape and outline specific: color, shaping, and texture |
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Visual Memory |
one's proficiency in taking, retaining, and processing a mental picture of an object includes storing and retrieving images from short and long term memory |
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Visual Cognition |
ability to manipulate and integrate visual input with other sensory information to gain knowledge, solve problems, formulate plans, and make decisions
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Extraocular muscles of the Eye |
Medial Rectus Lateral Rectus Superior Rectus Inferior Rectus Superior Oblique Inferior Oblique |
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Cranial Nerves Impacting Vision |
Optic Nerve II Oculomotor Nerve III Trochlear Nerve IV Trigeminal Nerve V Abducens Nerve VI |
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Cornea |
outermost transparent layer protecting the eye assists in light refraction |
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Iris |
colored part of the eye muscular ring that controls the amount of light that enters the eye by dilating and constricting the pupil |
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Lens |
biconvex structure that bends light to focus rays on the retina |
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Ciliary Body |
muscle and fluid that aids the focusing of the lens |
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Vitreous Humor |
clear gel-like substance that maintains the shape of the eye |
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Sclera |
tough coating of the eye that protects the inner structures |
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Choroid |
layer between the sclera and the retina that contains the blood vessels for the eye |
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Retina |
a layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells (rods and cones) that are sensitive to light and trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the visual cortex of the brain, where a visual image is formed multilayer, sensory structure |
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Macula |
an opaque spot on the cornea an oval yellowish area surrounding the fovea near the center of the retina in the eye, containing color-sensitive rods and the central point of sharpest vision |
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Fovea |
a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is the highest the center of the field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly concentrated center of the macula where the focus area of vision is located |
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Optic Chiasm |
point at which the optic nerve fibers cross medial half of each eye crosses to the opposite side and travels along with the lateral half of information from the other eye |
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Optic Tract |
carries the visual message from the optic chiasm to the thalamus of the brain each contains fibers from both eyes |
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus |
structure at which fibers of the optic tract synapse assists the CNS to filter out input that is not needed therefore refining the image |
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Visual Cortex |
area of the occipital lobe in which enhancement of and image occurs before it is cortically processed |
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Myopia |
nearsightedness; inability to see far objects clearly |
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Hyperopia |
farsightedness; the inability to see near objects clearly |
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Astigmatism |
a defect in the eye or in a lens caused by a deviation from spherical curvature, which results in distorted images, because light rays are prevented from meeting at a common focus |
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Presbyopia |
impaired vision as a result of aging
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Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) |
group of hereditary, genetic disorders that affect the retina's ability to respond to light causes a slow loss of vision, beginning with decreased night vision and loss of peripheral vision, that leads to blindness |
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Glaucoma |
causes loss of vision when fluid pressure in the eye damages the optic nerve
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
common eye condition in which the macula is affected by edema, pigment is dispersed, and the macular area of the retina degenerates. leading cause of visual impairment in persons over 50 |
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Retinal Degeneration: Best Disease |
autosomal dominant; inherited form of macular degeneration usually diagnosed in childhood causes loss of central vision aka: Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy |
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Retinal Degeneration: Stargardt Disease |
autosomal recessive; most common form of inherited juvenile macular degeneration usually diagnosed in childhood causes loss of central vision due to death of photoreceptor cells in the macula |
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Cataracts |
cloudiness of the lens of the eye usually age-related |
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Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) |
occurs in premature babies abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina that can cause the retina to detach from the back of the eye, leading to blindness aka: retrolental fibroplasia |
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Amblyopia |
lazy eye |
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Albinism |
total or partial loss of pigment (melanin) causes a poorly developed fovea, and therefore poor acuity due to lack of pigment in the iris, light sensitivity may be an issue often have nystagmus |
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Diabetic Retinopathy |
complication of diabetes in which small aneurysms form on retinal capillaries
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Esophoria vs. Exophoria
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tendency for eyes to turn inward when both eyes are fixating on an object vs. tendency for eyes to turn outward when both eyes are fixating on and object |
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Hyperphoria vs. Hypophoria |
tendency for eyes to turn upward when both eyes are fixating on an object vs. tendency for eyes to turn downward when both eyes are fixating on an object |
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Esotropia vs. Esotropia |
inward deviation of the eye when the other is focusing vs. outward deviation of the eye when the other is focusing *the condition can be constantly present or occur intermittently |
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Hypertropia vs. Hypotropia |
upward turning of the eye when the other is focusing vs. downward turning of the eye when the other is focusing |
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Alexia |
the acquired inability to read
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Visual Closure |
the ability to recognize a whole word or item when only partial information is given
can be dysfunctional |
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Figure Ground |
differentiating between foreground and background forms and objects
persons ability to distinguish shapes and objects from the background in which they exist can be dysfunctional |
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Spatial Relations |
ability to perceive the self in relation to other objects dysfunction: difficulty relating objects to each other or to the self secondary to loss of spatial concepts, such as up, down, front, back, under, over |
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Accommodation |
ability to quickly change from near to far using both saccades and vergence skills |
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Extraocular Range of Motion |
motor process of moving the eyes in a symmetrical manner throughout all nine cardinal directions |
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Diplopia |
double vision occurs when the fovea of both eyes are not aligned on the same target, so the brain cannot fuse the image can be horizontal or vertical, a double image, or a blur or shadow can be present near, intermediate, or far distances |
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Unilateral Body Neglect |
failure to respond to or report unilateral stimulus presented to the body side contralateral to the brain lesion |
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Unilateral Spatial Neglect |
inattention to, or neglect of, stimuli presented in the extrapersonal space contralateral to the lesion space can be near and/or far may occur without visual deficits |
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Praxis |
the ability to perform a movement |
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Limb Akinesia |
absence of ability to move limb |
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Hypokinesia |
characterized by a partial or complete loss of muscle movement due to a disruption in the basal ganglia patients experience muscle rigidity and an inability to produce movement delayed movement of limb ex. Parkinson's Disease |
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Hypometria |
decreased amplitude of movement |
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Motor Impersistence |
the inability to maintain postures or positions, such as keeping the eyes closed, protruding the tongue, maintaining a conjugate gaze in a fixed direction, or making a prolonged "ah" sound, without repeated prompts
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Motor Perseveration |
continuation or repetition of the same motor act (premotor) or task (prefrontal) difficulty ending movement |
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Extinction |
lack of awareness of one object when objects are presented in both sides of the body at the same time, even though they are recognized when presented individually
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Apraxia |
inability to carry out a movement even though the sensory system, muscles, and coordination are intact |
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Agnosia |
inability to comprehend sensory information due to CNS damage to the right occipital lobe a loss of ability to recognize objects persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss |
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Form Constancy or Discrimination |
ability to distinguish a form, shape, or object despite its location, position, color or size |
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Depth Perception |
the ability to judge distances and depth |
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Stereopsis |
the ability to see things in three dimensions lack of this ability can affect depth perception and makes the environment appear flat |
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Topographical Disoreintation |
difficulty finding one's way in space secondary to memory dysfunction or an inability to interpret sensory stimuli skill requires ability to determine current location, goal location, and problem solving |
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Anomia |
loss of ability to name objects or retrieve names of people |
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Graphesthesia |
ability to identify forms, numbers, letters written on hand dysfunction: agraphesthesia |
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Agraphia |
the acquired inability to write |
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Acalculia |
the acquired inability to perform calculations |
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Asomatognosia |
a body scheme disorder that results in diminished awareness of body structure and failure to recognize body parts as one's own may dress therapist's arm or brush teeth of mirror image |
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Autotopagnosia |
inability to identify body parts on self or someone else or the relationship between parts |
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Finger Agnosia |
inability to recognize which finger was touched or is being used may have difficulty identifying fingers when asked may display clumsiness with fingers |
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Anosognosia |
lack of recognition or awareness of one's deficits can be both a cognitive or sensory impairment |
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Cognition |
the ability of the brain to process, store, retrieve and manipulate information. involves understanding and knowing, the ability to judge and make decisions, and environmental awareness |
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Broca's Aphasia |
loss of expressive language indicated by a loss of speech production |
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Wernicke's Aphasia |
a deficit in auditory comprehension that affects semantic speech performance, manifested in paraphasia or nonsensical syllables |
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Global Aphasia |
the symptoms of global aphasia are those of severe Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia combined. Almost total reduction in all aspects of spoken and written language, in expressive and comprehension |
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Long-Term Memory Loss |
lack of storage, consolidation and retention of information that has passed through working memory, including loss of information retrieval |
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Short-Term Memory Loss |
lack of registration and temporary storing of information received by various sensory modalities loss of working memory |
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Executive Dysfunction or Dysexecutive Syndrome |
Impairments related to multiple specific functions such as decision making, problem solving, planning, task switching, modifying behavior, self-correction, generating strategies, formulating goals, and sequencing of complex actions |
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Generalization
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applying previously learned concepts and behaviors to a variety of situations
skills and performance in applying specific concepts to a variety of related solutions ability to apply learned compensatory strategies to new environments or situations |
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Abstract Thinking |
ability to differentiate between pertinent and nonpertinent information as well as recognize the relationships within the situation (events, people, objects, thoughts) thinking symbolically |
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Concrete Thinking |
tangible, specific |
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Convergent Thinking |
central idea |
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Divergent Thinking |
conflicting or alternative ideas |
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Deductive Reasoning |
use specifics to reach conclusions |
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Inductive Reasoning |
Use generalizations to reach a specific result |
