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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A body segment is moving away from the midline of the body.
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Abduction
Ch3 |
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A muscle that produces abduction of a limb or joint.
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Abductors
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The speed of an object.
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Acceleration
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Muscle tension that is generated by its contractile elements.
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Active force
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A body segment is moving toward the midline of the body.
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Adduction
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A muscle that produces adduction of a limb or joint.
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Adductors
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Standard posture wherein the body stands upright with the arms beside the trunk, the palms face forward, and the head faces forward.
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Anatomic position
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A straight line that cuts through the body from front to back.
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Anterior-posterior axis
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A white tendinous sheet that attaches muscle to bone.
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Aponeurosis
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The study of how forces affect a living body.
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Biomechanics
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The production of an active force when a muscle develops tension while shortening in length.
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Concentric activation
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The programming process that identifies neuromuscular dysfunction, develops a plan of action, and implements a corrective strategy as a part of an exercise training program.
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Corrective exercise
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The production of an active force when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
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Eccentric activation
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Action of a muscle when it is generating an eccentric contraction.
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Eccentric function
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A bending at a joint where the relative angle between two adjoining segments decreases.
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Extension
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A muscle that produces extension of a limb or joint.
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Extensors—
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Rotation of a limb or body segment away from the midline of the body
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External rotation
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Located from outside yet act on a structure being considered.
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Extrinsic
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The normal extensibility of soft tissue, which allows a joint to be moved through its full range of motion.
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Flexibility
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A bending at a joint where the relative angle between two adjoining segments decreases.
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Flexion
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A muscle that produces flexion of a limb or joint.
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Flexors
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(1) A push or a pull that can create, stop, or change movement. (2) Force = Mass × Acceleration.
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Force
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An imaginary plane that bisects the body into equal halves, producing a front half and a back half.
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Frontal plane
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A force that accelerates an object or mass downward toward the earth’s center.
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Gravity
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An equal and opposite external force that is exerted back onto the body by the ground.
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Ground reaction force
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The relatively mobile attachment site.
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Insertion
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The coordination of muscles to produce, reduce, and stabilize forces in multiple planes for efficient and safe movement.
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Integrated function
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Rotation of a limb or body segment toward the midline of the body.
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Internal rotation
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Deep inner muscles behind the superficial abdominals that have a direct effect on stabilizing the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex.
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Intrinsic core stabilizers
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Located from within and acting directly on a structure being considered.
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Intrinsic
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(1) A muscle’s primary function. (2) A muscle action produced at a joint when a muscle is being concentrically activated to produce acceleration of a body segment.
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Isolated function
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The production of an active force when a muscle develops tension while maintaining a constant length.
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Isometric activation
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The study of human movement
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Kinesiology
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Biomechanics term that involves the study of forces.
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Kinetics
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A relatively rigid rod or bar that rotates around a fulcrum.
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Lever
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The direction in which a muscle is pulled.
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Line of pull
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An imaginary long, straight line that cuts through the body from top to bottom.
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Longitudinal axis
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The incorrect or improper alignment of the joints in a body without movements.
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Malalignment
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The amount of matter in an object or physical body.
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Mass
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A substance that has mass and takes up space.
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Matter
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That which is contained within an imaginary line that splits the body into equal halves.
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Midline
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Occurring in more than one plane of motion.
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Multiplanar
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The mid-region in between the origin and insertion.
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Muscle belly
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When the neuromuscular system allows agonists, antagonists, and stabilizers to synergistically produce muscle actions in all three planes of motion.
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Neuromuscular efficiency
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The relatively stationary attachment site where skeletal muscle attaches begins.
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Origin
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Referring to a state of having disrupted neuromuscular recruitment patterns that lead a muscle to be more active during a joint action.
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Overactive
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Muscle with fibers that are oriented parallel to that muscle’s longitudinal axis.
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Parallel muscle
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Muscle with fibers that are oriented at an angle to the muscle’s longitudinal axis.
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Pennate muscle
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A combination of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction.
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Pronation of the foot
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A triplanar movement that is associated with force reduction.
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Pronation
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A muscle that produces pronation of a limb or body segment.
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Pronators
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Body position where one is lying with the face downward.
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Prone
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Applying principles of proper technique and combining them with observations in order to make an educated evaluation.
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Qualitative analysis
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Taking physical measurements and making mathematical computations to reach a conclusion
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Quantitative analysis
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The amount of movement produced by one or multiple joints.
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Range of motion
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The speed at which each repetition is performed.
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Repetition tempo
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Adduction of the shoulder blades where the shoulder blades move toward the spine.
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Retraction
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An imaginary plane that bisects the body into equal halves, producing a left half and a right half.
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Sagittal plane
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When the space between the bone on top of the shoulder (acromion) and the tendons of the rotator cuff rub against each other during arm elevation.
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Shoulder Impingement
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The starting point from which an individual moves.
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Static posture
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A combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction.
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Supination of the foot
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A triplanar motion that is associated with force production.
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Supination
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A muscle that produces supination of a limb or body segment.
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Supinators
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Body position where one is lying on the back and face is upward.
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Supine
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The amount of time that muscle is actively producing tension during exercise movements.
The varying speed at which exercises are performed, and a core concept that will be highly used in program design depending on the individual needs of clients. |
Tempo
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Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.
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Tendons
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The rotary or rotational effect that a force has around an axis.
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Torque
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An imaginary plane that bisects the body into equal halves, producing a top half and a bottom half.
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Transverse plane
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A multijoint exercise that involves extension at the hip, knee, and ankle.
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Triple extension
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A multijoint exercise that involves flexion at the hip, knee, and ankle.
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Triple flexion
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Referring to the state of having disrupted neuromuscular recruitment patterns that lead a muscle to be relatively less active during a joint action.
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Underactive
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The amount of force that gravity has on the body.
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Weight
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This is the standard set of terms that refer to locations on the human body, the various planes of motion that we move through in functional activities, and the individual types of movements that the joints ofthe body can accomplish. This common scientific language is standard throughout the health, fitness, and medical fields.
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Anatomic Locations, Planes of Motion, and Joint Movements
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These are the most common types of movements that the fitness professional will utilize when working in a fitness facility with clients.
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Common Gym Movements
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Using the terminology of biomechanics, the fitness professional can effectively classify any exercise, with any equipment, into a standard naming convention. This will allow for ease of program design and the progression and regression of exercises as needed.
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Exercise Naming
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Muscles work in three different ways to produce, stabilize, and reduce forces around our joints. Each muscle in the body will also perform different functions while working with other muscles, depending on the specific task that is required of it.
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The Muscle Action Spectrum and Muscle Functions
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This is application of physics as it applies to our bodies. It involves the study of forces, torque, and levers, and how the body interacts with the outside world to push, pull, create, stop, or change movement.
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Kinetics
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In order for the body to work in the most efficient way, the neuromuscular system must allow all muscles surrounding a joint to produce and reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the kinetic chain in all three planes of motion
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Neuromuscular Efficiency
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Soleus (extrinsic muscle of the posterior leg) Lateral Gastrocnemius (extrinsic muscle of the posterior leg) Peroneus Longus & Brevis (peroneals) (lateral leg) |
Common Overactive Muscles of the foot & ankle Ch 3 |
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Medial Gastrocnemius (extrinsic muscle of the posterior leg) Anterior Tibialis (anterior leg) Posterior Tibialis (extrinsic muscle of the posterior leg) |
Common Underactive Muscles of the foot & ankle
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Biceps Femoris (short head) (Posterior leg) Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL) (anterior leg) |
Common Overactive Muscles of the knee
Ch 3 |
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Vastus Medialis Oblique (VMO) (anterior leg) |
Common Underactive Muscles of the knee
Ch 3 |
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Hip Flexors (TFL, Quadriceps, Psoas) Adductors Abdominals (Rectus Abdominus, External Obliques) Erector Spinae |
Common Overactive Muscles of the LPHC
Ch 3 |
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Gluteus Maximus Gluteus Medius Hamstrings Intrinsic Core Stabilizers (Transverse Abdominis & Internal Obliques) Erector Spinae |
Common Underactive Muscles of the LPHC Ch 3 |
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Latissimus Dorsi (Posterior)
Pectoralis Major / Minor (Anterior) |
Common Overactive Muscles of the Shoulders
Ch 3 |
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Middle & Lower Trapezius (posterior) Rhomboids (posterior) Rotator Cuff (Supraspinatus -Posterior, Infraspinatus -Posterior, Teres Minor -Posterior, Subscapularis -Anterior) |
Common Underactive Muscles of the Shoulders Ch 3 |
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Upper Trapezius (Posterior) Sternocleidomastoid (Anterior, Deep Cervical Flexor) Levator Scapulae (Posterior) |
Common Overactive Muscles of the Head & Neck Ch 3 |
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Deep Cervical Flexors (Longus Capitis, Longus Coli, Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes) |
Common Underactive Muscles of the Head & Neck Ch 3 |
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Longus Capitis Longus Coli Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes |
Deep Cervical Flexors Ch 3 |
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Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis Oblique Vastus Lateralis Tensor Fascia Latae |
Quadriceps
Ch 3 |
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Gracilis
Pectineus Adductor Magnus - Anterior Fibers Adductor Brevis Adductor Longus |
Adductors
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Supraspinatus (Posterior) Infraspinatus (Posterior) Teres Minor (Posterior) Subscapularis (Anterior) |
Rotator Cuff Ch 3 |
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Semitendinosus
Biceps Femoris - Long Head Semimembranous Biceps Femoris - Short Head |
Hamstring Complex
Ch 3 |
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Lies beneath the Rectus Abdominis
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Transverse Abdominis
Ch 3 |
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Underneath the External Obliques
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Internal Obliques
Ch 3 |