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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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active rehearsal, mentally talking to yourself |
articulatory process |
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linking stimulus to other information at time of encoding, deeper processing |
elaboration |
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passive store component will hold information but without rehearsal it will be forgotten |
phonological store |
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process of many aspects of a problem simultaneously brain's natural mode of info processing |
parallel processing |
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impairment of language usually due to t=left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (speaking) or Wernicke's area (understanding) |
aphasia |
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ability to produce new & valuable ideas |
creativity |
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rule of thumb doesn't guarantee correct answer more error prone than algorithms solve problems efficiently |
heuristics |
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benefits/losses that result from a choice & subsequent events |
consequences |
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nback training vs visual search vs no training 20 sessions measured: fluid intelligence, multitasking, working memory and capacity no differences, may not transfer |
Redick et al. 2013 |
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see if people transfer solution of one problem to another arithmetic -> physics vs. physics -> arithmetic solution methods & think alouds 72% transfer A-> P 10% transfer P -> A math -> abstract rule science -> concepts and application intertwined transfer mechanism is complex |
Bassok & Holyoak 1989 |
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text base & prior knowledge inferences |
situation model/mental representation |
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mental store for morpheme, phonemes & syntax in LTM |
Lexicon |
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set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds |
semantics |
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smallest distinctive sound unit |
phonemes |
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smallest unit of meaning, part or full word |
morpheme |
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system of language rules that enables us to communicate and understand others |
grammar |
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meaning but NOT structure |
content morpheme |
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structure but little meaning |
function morpheme |
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producing more info that supports your view than the opposing side |
my side bias |
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meaning visual characteristics of letters/words (orthography) sounds of letters/words (phonology) |
aspects of the lexicon |
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creativity tests require expansiveness multiple possible solutions |
divergent thinking |
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complete and connected mental representation |
situation model |
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breadth and depth of your knowledge skills and concepts in memory increase up to old age |
crystallized knowledge |
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way an issue is posed
how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements |
framing |
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sudden realization of a problem's solution contrasts with strategy based solutions |
insight |
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expertise imaginative thinking skills venturesome personality intrinsic motivation creative environments |
5 components of creativity |
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tendency to exaggerate one's ability to have forseen the outcome of an event after learning the outcome |
hindsight bias |
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estimate of likelihood that outcome will occur by taking particular alternative |
belief |
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info from the text no prior knowledge connected to surface representation |
text base |
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set of rules for combing words into sentences |
syntax |
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analytical intelligence creative intelligence practical intelligence multiple abilities contribute to success and varieties of giftedness bring spice to life |
Sternberg's 3 Intelligences |
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general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task |
Spearman's general intelligence |
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seeking out info that conforms to your beliefs and ignoring info contrary to beliefs |
confirmation bias |
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failing to see mutually exclusive events as independent |
gambler's fallacy |
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ease of retrieval influences decision making estimating likelihood of events based on availability in memory |
availability heuristic |
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expected to be random & more representative so perceived as more likely |
representativeness heuristic |
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desirability of result care/importance |
utility |
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assessment in cognitive neuroscience to measure part of working memory and it's capacity |
dual-n Back training |
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encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance of word |
shallow processing |
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retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection |
implicit memory/non declarative memory |
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memory aids, use of vivid imagery & organizing |
mnemonics |
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brief store of mainly verbal info together w/ rehearsal mechanism |
phonological loop |
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recall of specific episodes or info when the context present at encoding & retrieval are the same |
content dependent memory |
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process of chunking and understadning |
episodic buffer |
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tendency of a person to recall 1st & last items in a series best, primacy effect |
serial position effect/primacy effect |
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immediate and brief recording of sensory info in memory large amounts of into decays within seconds unless given attentions |
sensory register memory |
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ability to think abstractly & solve new problems fast decrease with age |
fluid intelligence |
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8 relatively independent intelligences later added 1 more multiple abilities that come in diff packages more to success than traditional intelligence |
gardner's multiple intelligences |
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verbatim structure of a sentences fades quickly connected to text base |
surface representation |
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choice among possibilities assess available actions determination/non action to take |
decision |
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different available courses of action can contain ambiguity |
alternatives |
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net worth of result $$$ |
value |
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momentary sensory auditory stimuli if attention elsewhere, sounds & word can still be recalled within 3/4 seconds |
echoic memory |
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arras of 12 letter & # for 50 ms & recall as much as possible large amount of info, held long enough to identify info decays within seconds unless attention given |
sperling 1960 |
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mechanism that assess the attentional needs of the diff subsystems & allots resources to them
planning future actions, initiating retrieval and decisions, integrating info |
central executive |
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phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed |
state dependent memory |
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momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, photo lasting no longer than 1 second |
iconic memory |
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activated memory that holds a few items in use 7 +/- 2 instantly and easily available as long as attention in present |
short term memory |
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STM that adds conscious, active, processing of incoming auditory & visual spatial info & of info from LTM |
working memory |
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memory of facts & experiences that one can consciously know and declare |
explicit memory (declarative memory) |
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unconscious encoding of incedental info such as space and tie and frequency well learned info such as word meaning |
automatic processing |
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part of working memory use to actively manipulate visual & spatial info mental rotation, holding an image in thought, spatial rehearsal |
visuo-spatial sketchpad |
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duration info held in STM, 3 consonant trigrams w & without distractor task STM is limited and decays with time |
peterson & peterson 1959 |
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not presented simultaneously echoic memory evidence for auditory sensory registor |
darwin, turvey & crowder 1972 |
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process of transferring info from register to stm |
encoding |
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process of transferring info from stm to ltm |
consolidating |
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relatively permanent and limitless store house of memory including: knowledge skills experience |
long term memory |
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
effortful processing |
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process of retaining encoded info over time & process of getting info out of storage |
storage & retrival |
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organizing items into familiar manageable units automatically |
chunking |
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encoding semantically, based on meaning of words tends to yield best retention |
deep processing |
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better recall of items at beginning of list |
primacy effect |
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better recall of items at the end of the list |
recency effect |
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casinos enticing you to gamble by signaling even small wins with bells and lights - mentally vivid losses invisible |
example of availability heuristic |
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if you meet someone laid back with long blonde hair you may assume they are from california |
representativeness heuristic |
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aptitude tests demand single correct answer (SAT) |
convergent thinking |
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tendency for people to encode info differently based on level of info relating to self |
self reference effect |
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large WM -> keep problem space representations active -> improved fluid intelligence |
working memory and fluid intelligence relationship |
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when misleading info has corrupted one's memory of an event |
misinformation effect |
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learning new info interferes w remembering old info in LTM |
retroactive interference |
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applying deep though to actively make connections among new info being presented between new & prior knowledge |
elaborative rehearsal |
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can't find enough info, lacking in particular recall context, insufficient cue |
retrieval failure |
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spontaneous weakening of memory over time little support from research happens in SR, STM & WM |
decay |
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old info from LTM interferes w remembering newly learned info |
proactive interference |
