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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lichen concept |
Algae and fungus must form a new morphological entity |
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Controvery around lichens |
Ended when grown apart and the put together |
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How lichen interact within |
Hyphae attached to surface of alage sometimes penetrate forming hyphae, division of algal cells leads to hyphal branching |
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Lichen cell combo |
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Resynthesize of lichens |
Is very difficult and only seems to work when conditions are unfavorable for individual growth, sometimes requires bacterial signalling |
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Lichen uses |
Breaks down rock, reindeer food, tweed, litmus paper, usnic acid |
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Specific lichen to know |
Letharia vulpina: vulpinic acid, wolf poison |
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Lichen cortex |
Outer thick layer of hyphae |
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Lichen Medulla |
Fluffy middle |
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Lichen thallus |
Sterile tissue |
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Three types of lichen |
Crustose, foliose, fruticose |
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Foliose lichen |
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Lichen |
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Soredia |
Spore like lichen cells spread in asexual reproduction through fragmentation |
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Lichen sexual reproduction |
Spores released from pycnidia then reach trichogyne and ascogonium. Algae does not go with |
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2 major lichen photobionts |
Trebouxia, nostoc |
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Lichens last few slides |
Read over |
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Mantle |
Hyphae around root tip in ectomycorrhizae species |
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Hartig net |
Hyphae between cortical cells in roots of mycorrhizal species |
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Endomycorrhizal fungi |
Fungi penetrates cortical cells but not the cell membrane |
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Endomycorrhizae |
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Arbuscules of endomycorrhizae |
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Vesicles of endomycorrhizae |
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Fungi involved in endomycorrhizae |
Glomeromycota, obligate mutualists, fruiting bodies form underground |
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Orchid mycorrhizae |
Specific to orchids, basidomycota, Rhizoctonia, parasitic on fungi for period |
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Ericaceous mycorrhizae |
Heathers, rhododendrons, cranberry. Found in nutrient poor soils, hyphae fill 80% of root tissue. Nitrogen fixing |
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Non-photosynthetic plants |
All vascular flowering plants, parasitic on other plants or fungi, all heterotrophic, 3000 species |
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Monotropa uniflora |
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3 Orders of zygomycetes |
Mucorales: sprophytic, extensive mycelium Entomopthorales: few mycelium formed, mostly insect parasites Zoopagles: predacious fungi of amoebae, paramecia, and nematodes |
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Steps of mucorales sexual reproduction |
Progametangia form, gametangia walled off at tips, gametangia fuse, nuclear fusion, wall form around nuclei forming zygospore. Zygospore undergoes meiosis and creates sporangiophore. |
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Zygospore |
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Evolution of asexual zygomycota state |
Mortierella: simple sporagium Mucor, Rhizopus: sporagium with many spores Thamnidium: reduction is spore number, formation of sporangiola Cunninghammela: no sporangia, sporangiola only contain one spore Mycotypha: many sporangiola, densely covered |
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Entomophthora muscae |
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Zoosporic |
Flagellated cells at some point, somatic phase walled |
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Two types of flagellum |
Whiplash: simple strand, pushes Tinsel: string like appendages, pulls |
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Phyla with flagellated cells |
Chytridiomycota, hypochytridiomycota, oomycota, Myxomycota, plasmodiophoromycota |
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Chytridiomycota flagella |
Posterior whiplash flagellum |
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Hypochytridiomycota flagella |
Single anterior tinsel flagella |
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Oomycota flagella |
One whiplash one tinsel |
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Myxomycota flagella |
Two equal posterior whiplash |
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Plasmodiophomycota |
Two unequal whiplash flagella |
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3 orders of Chytridiomycetes |
Chytridales Blastocladiales Monoblepharidales |
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Holocarpic |
Entire thallus is a reproductive structure |
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Eucarpic |
Reproductive structures are formed on certain portions of the thallus |
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Chytridales |
Order of Chytridiomycetes Largest order, most simple Black wort of potato |
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Black wort of potato species |
Synchytrium endobioticum |
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Synchytrium endobioticum |
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Frog chytrid species |
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis |
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Sporagia of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis |
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Joyce Longcore |
Chytrid researcher |
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Blastocladiales |
True mycelium, sexual reproduction by fusion, alternation of generations, form zoospores |
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Anisogamous |
Two gametes within separate gametangia on same thallus |
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Allomyces |
Family within blastocladiales that is anisogamous. Sirenin |
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Monoblepharidales |
Most advanced chytridiomycetes No economic importance Motile male gamete fusion with non-motile female Forms oospore |
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Hyphochytridiomycoya |
Within kingdom Stramenopila, chitin or cellulose cell wall. Single anterior tinsel flagellum |
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Oogamous |
Reproduction by mobile male and immobile female gametes |
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Oomycota clade |
Stramenopila due to: Glucans and cellulose cell wall Diploid nuclei Metabolic differences |
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Orders of Oomycetes |
Saprolegniales Peronosporales |
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Saprolegniales |
Order of oomycetes Water molds Poor mycelium Saprophyte Multiple oospores in oogonium |
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Peronosporales |
Developed mycelia Mostly parasitic Single oospore in oogonium |
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Disease on perch |
Saprolegnia |
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Saprolegniales reproduction |
Meiosis, atheridium makes contact with oogonium, gametangia formed, asexual zoospores released |
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Zoospore vs oospore |
Zoospore is asexual motile spore with flagella Oospore is fertilized female zygote with chitinous wall |
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Peronosporales reproduction |
Asexual: cool= zoospores with indirect germination, warm= direct germination by germ tube Sexual: fusion of gametes between antheridium and oogonium, forms oospore |
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Families of peronosporales |
Albuginaceae: club shaped sporangiophore Peronosporaceae: sporangiophore with determinate growth Pythiaceae: sporangiophore with indeterminate growth |
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Downy mildew of crucifer caused by peronosporaceae |
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Peronospora parasitica |
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Phytophora infestans, late blight of potato |
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Sudden oak death |
Phytophthora ramorum |
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Slime mold types |
Myxomycota: acellular true slime molds Plasmodiophomycota: parasitic slime molds Dictyosteliomycota: dictyostelid cellular |
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Myxomycota |
No cell well in vegetative stage Feed by phagocytosis Reproduce by spores |
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Life cycle of myxomycota |
Spore, germination, plasmogamy, karyogamy, maturation, sporulation, sporagium, meiosis |
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Plasmogamy |
Sexual fusion of cytoplasm bringing two haploid nuclei together |
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Karyogamy |
Fusion of haploid nuclei |
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Three fruiting body types in myxomycota |
Sporangium: stalk with peridium Aethallium: clump formed sporangia Plasmodiocarp: veins of plasmodium |
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Diachea in myxomycota |
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Fuligo septica in myxomycota |
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Myxomycota |
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Cellular slime molds |
Dictyosteliomycota, vegetative state is free-living amoeba, aggregate to form sorocarp |
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How aggregation occurs in cellular dictyosteliostelium |
Break down ATP into cAMP which attracts other cells |
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Pseudoplasmodium |
Slug, dictyosteliomycota |
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Plasmodiophoromycota |
Endoparasitic slime molds Rhizaria not amoebozoa Obligate parasites Cruciform division of nuclei |
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Club root of cabbage |
Plasmodophora brassicae of plasmodiophomycota |
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Powdery scab of potato |
Spongospora subterranea |
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Spongospora of plasmodiophomycota |
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What makes kingdom fungi |
Spores, chitinous cell wall, ergosterol, exoenzymes, small nucleus |
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Question for exam How does reproduction within Allomyces and Dictyostelium relate in terms of attractants? |
Allomyces female gametes release sirenin to attract male gametes while amoebas in dictyosteliomycota break down ATP and release cAMP which attracts nearby cells. |
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Coln of dmckpcofgs |
Domain: Eukarya Clade: Stramenopila Kingdom: Oomycota Class: Oomycetes Order: Peronosporales Family: Pythiaceae Genus: Phytophthora Species: Phytophthora infestans |
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Sporangium vs sporangiolum |
Sporangium: Globose structure around a sterile columella with an outer spore region Sporangiolum: spore bering structure with few spores. More advanced |
