Muscular System Anatomy And Pathology

Front 1

What does 'myo' mean?

Back 1

Muscle

Front 2

Name three types of muscle tissue.

Back 2

Smooth, Cardiac and Skeletal.

Front 3

Describe smooth muscle tissue and where you can find it.

Back 3

Non-striated (w/o lines) and involuntary; lines blood vessels and respiratory tracks

Front 4

Describe cardiac muscle tissue and where you can find it.

Back 4

Striated and involuntary; found only in the heart wall.

Front 5

Describe skeletal muscle tissue and where you can find it.

Back 5

Striated and voluntary; moved the skeleton.

Front 6

What % of the body's weight are the muscles.

Back 6

40%

Front 7

Name three functions of the muscles?

Back 7

Movement, maintenance of posture (tone) and generation of heat

Front 8

What is the body's last resort to generate heat?

Back 8

Shivering

Front 9

What happens to the body's frame and posture when you are given general anasthicia?

Back 9

You lose it

Front 10

Describe the two muscle tissue types involved in swallowing.

Back 10

The beginning of the swallow is skeletal muscle tissue and the rest of the swallowing process is smooth muscle tissue.

Front 11

What happens if muscle fibers gets damaged?

Back 11

Muscle fibers do no regenerate but others can take over.

Front 12

What do muscles do to create more bulk?

Back 12

Creates more mitochondria.

Front 13

What are the two components of the muscle belly?

Back 13

A bundle of fascicles and epimysium, which is the connective tissue covering.

Front 14

Describe the components of the fascicle.

Back 14

A bundle of fibers covered by perimysium.

Front 15

Describe the components of a fiber.

Back 15

One muscle cell and endomysium covering.

Front 16

What are the three types of connective tissue covering skeletal muscle?

Back 16

Epimysium, perimysium and endomysium.

Front 17

What is the area called where muscle cells meet bony attachments?

Back 17

Musculotendinous junction

Front 18

What is a tendon?

Back 18

Extension of the connective tissue that attaches muscle to the bone.

Front 19

Long distance running creates what kind of blood cells?

Back 19

White

Front 20

Red blood cells get generated by what kind of running workout?

Back 20

Short distance running.

Front 21

What is a muscle motor unit?

Back 21

A single neuron annd the muscle fibers it stimulates

Front 22

Where do the neurons get the information to react?

Back 22

From the brain

Front 23

How many individual skeletal muscles are there?

Back 23

Over 600

Front 24

Name two exceptions of skeletal muscles that are not connected to bone and where they are attached.

Back 24

1. The facial muscles are attached to skin.
2. The muscles in teh abdominal wall are attached to other muscles.

Front 25

What is a steady partial contraction of skeletal muscles called?

Back 25

Muscle tone

Front 26

What forms the innermost layer of the deep fascia?

Back 26

Epimysium

Front 27

1.What are nerve impulses traveling away from the central nervous system called?

2. What are the impulses traveling in the other direction called?

Back 27

1.Motor impulses
2. Sensory impulses

Front 28

A single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates is called a?

Back 28

Motor unit

Front 29

Give an example of a small muscle motor unit's purpose?

Back 29

Movement of the eye

Front 30

Give an example of a large muscle motor unit's purpose?

Back 30

Swining a tennis racquet

Front 31

What is the space between muscular fiber cells called?

Back 31

Synaptic cleft

Front 32

What travels across a synaptic cleft for a muscle cell to move?

Back 32

A neurotransmitter

Front 33

What is a contracting sub-unit of skeletal muscle called?

Back 33

A sarcomere

Front 34

What is a motor end plate and what is its purpose?

Back 34

A 'muscle receiving membrane' which receives the receptors after having attached a neurotransmitter.

Front 35

1. What are the two kinds of protein contained in a muscle fiber thread?
2. What do they look line?

Back 35

1.Actin and myosin
2.Actin is thin and light and myosin is thick and dark.

Front 36

What effect does myosin and actin have on the appearance of a skeletal muscle?

Back 36

Its striated look

Front 37

What kinds of proteins does a sarcomere contain and in what shape?

Back 37

Two bands; one of actin and one of myosin

Front 38

What is ATP short for and what is it?

Back 38

Adenosine triphospate - energy storing compound found in all cells

Front 39

Each sarcomere becomes shorter but the individual filaments do not. True or false?

Back 39

True - think of a shuffling a deck of cards

Front 40

What are the two properties of a muscle cell needed for a response to a stimulus?

Back 40

Excitability and contractility

Front 41

What mineral is needed for actin and myosin to interact?

Back 41

Calcium

Front 42

What is produced when muscles work without oxygen and what is the result?

Back 42

Lactic acid - muscular fatigue

Front 43

What specific role does calcium have in muscle contraction?

Back 43

It moves two proteins away from binding sites allowing myosin heads to attach to actin so cross bridges can form.

Front 44

What are the two proteins covering binding sites that interact with calcium to help form cross bridges in muscle contraction?

Back 44

Troponin and tropomyosin

Front 45

What are the first three steps in Sliding Filament Mechanism?

Back 45

1. Moror neron is stimulated, releasing neurotransmitter (ACh) into synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction.
2.ACh binds to motor end plate and produces Action Potential.
3.Athe action potential travels to the SR.

Front 46

What are steps 4,5 and 6 in the Sliding Filament Mechanism?

Back 46

4. The SR releases calcium into the cytoplasm
5.Calcium shifts troponin and tropomyasin so that binding sites on actin is exposed
6.Myosoin heads bind to actin so cross bridges are formed

Front 47

What are the three final; steps of the Sliding Filament Mechanism?

Back 47

7. Myosin heads pull actin filament together w/in sarcomere shortening cell
8.ATP is used to detach myosin heads and move them back to position for another power stroke
9.Muscle relaxes when stimulation ends and the calcium is pumped back into SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum).

Front 48

1.What is another word for dynamic contractions?

2.What happens?

Back 48

1.Isotonic contractions
2. Length of muscle changes and movement typically occurs

Front 49

What types of dynamic muscle contractions are there?

Back 49

Concentric and eccentric

Front 50

What is an example of a concentric contraction?

Back 50

Bending a knee, making a fist

Front 51

What is an example of an eccentric contraction?

Back 51

Lowering a pitcher of water onto the table.

Front 52

What happens during Isometric contractions?

Back 52

They are static contractions, length does not change, but tension increases and movement does not occur.

Front 53

What is another way of saying ATP production with presence of oxygen?

Back 53

Aerobic respiration

Front 54

What is ATP production without oxygen present?

Back 54

Anaerobic respiration

Front 55

Give an example of efficiency or lack thereof for anaerobic respiration?

Back 55

It uses of 10 times as much glucose to produce the same amount of ATP.

Front 56

Give six examples of the effect of massage on muscles.

Back 56

1.Enhances circulation - increases nutrition and development of muscles
2.Makes muscles more sensitive to nerve stimulation - more effective movements and coordination
3.Relaxes muscles
4.Improves range of motion - relaxes muscles and softens fascia which permits freer movements
5.Helps heat production
6.Helps bring muscles and surrounding tissue back into balance

Front 57

What is another term for' a general sense that receives information of where we are in space'?

Back 57

Proprioception

Front 58

There are two types of proprioceptors that monitor position,posture and kinesthesia, what are they?

Back 58

Muscle spindle cells and Golgi tendon organs.

Front 59

Gie an example of muscle spindle cells in action?

Back 59

Knee Patella reflex

Front 60

1. Where are muscle spindle cells located?
2. Name three other characteristics of the muscle spindle cells.

Back 60

1.In the muscle belly
2.Respond to rate and degree of stretch. If stretch threatens to tear the fibers a protective response is given of contraction. Related to stretching, working too deep too quickly - causes contraction reaction.

Front 61

1. What is GTO?
2. Where is it located?

Back 61

1.The Golgi Tendon Organ.
2. In the musclulotendinous junction

Front 62

Name two characteristics of the Golgi Tendon Organ.

Back 62

1. Responds to degree of tension on the tendons caused by the contraction of the muscle
2. If contraction threatens tearing the tendons it causes a protective reflex for teh muscle to let go/relax.

Front 63

What does a 'stretch reflex' do?

Back 63

Causes agonist to contract and antagonist to relax.

Front 64

What does a 'tendon reflex' do?

Back 64

Causes agonist to relax and antagonist to contract

Front 65

What two components are in all muscles working together to protect them from injury?

Back 65

Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindle cells.

Front 66

What are the 5 'knows" in pathology decision making?

Back 66

1. Know the condition
2.Know physiological effects of massage
3.Know effects of your technique
4.Know the client
5.Know yourself

Front 67

What is 'atrophy'?

Back 67

Muscle wasting due to decrease in cell size. Could be the effect of lack of use, aging or nerve supply.

Front 68

How could massage help 'atrophy'?

Back 68

Petrissage mimics muscle contractions.

Front 69

What is 'hypertrophy'?

Back 69

Increase in cell size from use.

Front 70

What is Dupuytren Contracture?
Effect of massage?

Back 70

Shrinking of the fascia of the hand.
Indicated, as long as there is feelign in the palm.

Front 71

What are 4 contributing factors to spasms and cramps?

Back 71

1.Nutrition
2.Ischemia (lack of blood flow)
3.Exercise-associated cramping
4.Splinting

Front 72

Is massage indicated for cramps and spasms?

Back 72

Yes, AFTER acute stage - with caution

Front 73

1. What is splinting?
2. Effect of massage?

Back 73

1. Muscles will spasm to help splint area in the healing process/prevent movement.
2. Contraindicated

Front 74

What are two potential common splinting conditions to watch out for with massage?

Back 74

Whip lash and herniated discs.

Front 75

1.What are the three muscular dystrophy forms?

2. Populations?

Back 75

1. Duchenne, Becker and Myotonic.
2. Boys for the first two, adult men in the third.

Front 76

What is the most common reason for muscular dystrophy?

Back 76

Lack of dystrophin killing muscle cell

Front 77

What are effects of massage on muscular dystrophy?

Back 77

Indicated if sensation is intact.

Front 78

Syndrome involving chronic pain in muscles, tendons, ligaments. Frequently seen with chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, migraine, sleep disorders,

Back 78

Fibromyalgia

Front 79

Massage indications for fibromyalgia?

Back 79

Can be safe and appropriate w/in tolerance of client

Front 80

What three things should you watch for with fibromyalgia massage clients?

Back 80

No Ice, no over treatment and don't treat tender points like pressure points.

Front 81

What is the difference between spasms and cramps?

Back 81

Spasms are low-grade long lasting contractions and cramps are short-lived acute contractions.

Front 82

When would you test for creatine kinase in the blood?

Back 82

If you suspect musclular dystrophy

Front 83

1.Muscle inflammation with bone formation is called......?

2.What would be a more appropriate name?

Back 83

1.Myositis Ossificans
2. Heterotopic ossification

Front 84

Is massage indicated or contraindicated?

Back 84

Locally contraindicated

Front 85

What's a shin split?

Back 85

Muscles of the lower leg are contained in 4 tight compartments, edema inside compartments create pain.

Front 86

Massage indicated or contraindicated for shin splits?

Back 86

Indicated if no acute inflammation.

Stress fractures and acute compartment syndrome require medical attention.