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136 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Platysma: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Fascia: deltoid / pectoralis major
Insertion: Mandible, skin
Action: Depress jaw
Nerve: Facial Nerve (CN7)
Sternocleidomastoid: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Manubrium and Clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid Process
Action: Turns head to the opposite side
Nerve: Spinal Acessory Nerve (CN 11)
Digastric Muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin:
Anterior: mandible,
Posterior: mastoid notch
Insertion: Hyoid body
Action: Elevate hyoid, depresses mandible
Nerve:
Anterior: Mylohyoid (CN V)
Posterior: Facial (CN VII)
Mylohyoid: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Mandible
Insertion: Raphe on Hyoid
Action: Elevates Hyoid, Depresses Mandible
Nerve: Mylohyoid (CN V)
Sylohyoid : Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Styloid Process
Insertion: Body of Hyoid
Action: Elevates Hyoid
Nerve: Facial N. (CN VII)
Geniohyoid: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Genial tubercle of madible
Insertion: Body of Hyoid
Action: Elevates Hyoid
Nerve: C1 via CN XII
Sternohyoid: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Manubrium and Clavicle
Insertion: Body of Hyoid
Action: Depress Hyoid
Nerve: Ansa cervicalis
Omohyoid: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Suprascapular notch
Insertion: Body of Hyoid
Action: Depress Hyoid
Nerve: Ansa cervicalis
Thyrohyoid: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Thyroid cartilage
Insertion: Greater horn of hyoid
Action: Depresses hyoid / larynx
Nerve: C1 via CN XII
Sternothyroid: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Manubrium
Insertion: Thyroid Cartilage
Action: Depress/retract hyoid/larynx
Nerve: Ansa cervicalis (C1-3)
Anterior Scalene Muscle: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: C3-C6 transverse process
Insertion: 1st rib
Action: Laterally flexes neck and elevates 1st rib
Nerve: C5-C8 nerve roots
Middle Scalene: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: C2-7 transverse processes
Insertion: 1st rib
Action: Laterally flexes neck and elevates 1st rib
Nerve: C5-C8 nerve roots
Posterior Scalenes: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: C4-6 transverse proceses
Insertion: 2nd rib
Action: Laterally flexes neck and elevates 2nd rib
Nerve: C5-C8 nerve roots
Rectus capitis posterior major: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Spine of axis
Insertion: Inferior nuchal line
Action: Extend, rotate, laterally flex head
Nerve: Suboccipital nerve
Rectus capitis posterior minor: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Posterior tubercle of atlas
Insertion: Occipital bone
Action: Extend, laterally flex head
Nerve: Suboccippital nerve
Obliquus capitis Superior: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Atlas transverse process
Insertion: Occipital bone
Action: Extend, rotate, laterally flex
Nerve: Suboccipital nerve
Obliquus capitis inferior: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Spine of axis
Insertion: Atlas transverse process
Action: Extend, laterally rotate head
Nerve: Suboccipital nerve
Trapezius: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Spinous processes of C7-T12, External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament
Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, spine of scapula, acromion
Action: Adducts scapula, tilts chin, draws back acromion, rotates scapula
Nerve: Spinal accessory n (CN XI)
Artery: Dorsal scapular (branches of the subclavian a)
Latissimus Dorsi: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Spinous processes of T6-S5
Insertion: Floor of bicipital groove of humerus
Action: Adducts, extends, and medially rotates humerus
Nerve: Thoracodorsal n (c7-c8)
Artery: Dorsal scapular (branch of the subclavian a), subscapular (branch off the axillary a)
Levator scapulae: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Transverse processes of C1-C4
Insertion: Superior / Medial scapula
Action: Raises scapula or inclines neck to corresponding side if scapula is fixed
Nerve: Dorsal scapular (c5)
Artery: Dorsal Scapular a (off of subclavian)
Rhomboid minor: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Spinous processes of C7-T1, Ligamentum nuchae
Insertion: Root of scapular spine
Action: Adducts and rotates scapula
Nerve: Dorsal scapular n (c5)
Artery: Dorsal scapular (off of subclavian)
Rhomboid major: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Spinous processes of T2-T5
Insertion: Medial border of scapula, between spine and inferior angle
Action: Adducts and rotates scapula
Nerve: Dorsal scapular n (c5)
Artery: Dorsal scapular (off of subclavian)
Serratus Posterior superior: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Spinous processes of C7-T3
Insertion: Upper border of Ribs 2-5
Action: Elevate ribs
Nerve: Intercostal n (T1-T4)
Serratus Posterior inferior: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Spinous processes of T11-L3
Insertion: lower border of Ribs 9-12
Action: Depresses ribs
Nerve: Intercostal nerves (T9-T12)
Splenius capitis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Ligamentum nuchae
Insertion: Mastoid and nuchal line
Action: Laterally flex and rotates neck to the same side
Nerve: Dorsal rami of inferior cervical nerves
Splenius cervicis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Spinous process of T1-T6
Insertion: Transverse processes of C1-C4
Action: Laterally flex and rotate neck to the same side
Nerve: Dorsal rami of inferior cervical nerves
Iliocostalis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Sacrum, iliac crest, and lubmar spinous processes
Insertion: Ribs
Action: Laterally flex, extend, and rotate head (to same side) and vertebral column
Nerve: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves:
Longissimus: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Sacrum, Iliac crest, and lumbar spinous processes
Insertion: Thoracic and cervical spinous processes, & mastoid processe
Action: Laterally flex, extend, and rotate head (to same side) and vertebral column
Nerve: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves:
Spinalis: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Sacrum, Iliac crest, and lumbar spinous processes
Insertion: Spinous process of Thoracic spine
Action: Laterally flex, extend, and rotate head (to same side) and vertebral column
Nerve: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves:
Semispinalis Capitus: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Transverse process of T1-T6
Insertion: Nuchal ridge
Action: Extends head
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami
Multifidus: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Transverse procsseses of C2-S4 spine
Insertion: Spinous processess of C2-S4 spine (same number as origin)
Action: Flex spine laterally, and rotates to the opposite side
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami
Rotatores: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Transvese processes of spine
Insertion: Spinous processes (+1 from origin)
Action: Rotates superior vertebra to the opposite direct
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami
Levator costarum: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve,
Origin: Transverse process
Insertion: Brevis: rib-1, Longus: rib-2,
Action: Elevates rib during inspiration
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami
Interspinales: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Spinous process
Insertion: Spinous process + 1
Action: Extend column
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami
Intertransversarii: Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
Origin: Transverse process
Insertion: Transverse process + 1
Action: Laterally flex spinal column
Nerve: Dorsal primary rami
Supraspinatus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Supraspinatus fossa of the scapula
Insertion: Superior facet of greater tuberosity of humerus and capsule of the shoulder joint
Action: Assists deltoid in abducting arm, fixes head of humerus in glenoid cavity, rotates head of humerus laterally
Nerve: Suprascapular n
Artery: Suprascapular (transverse scapular)

Trapped in impingement, #1 torn rotator cuff tendon
Infraspinatus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Infraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: Middle facet of greater tuberosity of humerus
Action: Externally rotates head of humerus with teres minor
Nerve: Suprascapular
Artery: Suprascapular (transverse scapular), scapular circumflex

A weak external rotator, cuff tear or suscapular n. lesion in notch
Teres minor: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Dorsal surface of axillary border of scapula (inferior to origin of supraspinatus)
Insertion: Lower facet of greater tuberosity of humerus, capsle of shoulder joint, (inferior to the insertion of infraspinatus)
Action: Adducts, externally rotates the head of humerus, and draws humerus towards glenoid fossa
Nerve: Axillary n (specifically posterior branch of the axially)
Artery: Scapular circumflex (a branch of the subscapular artery)

Rarely torn rotator cuff tendon
Subscapularis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion: Lesser tuberosity of humerus and capsule of the shoulder joint
Action: Internally rotates and adducts humerus
Nerve: Upper and lower subscapular
Artery: Lateral thoracic (aka LIMA, branch of axillary artery), subscapular (branc of axillary artery)

Test with lift off, lift off lag, and belly press tests (test internal rotation of humerus)
at risk during anterior approach
Deltoid: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral thrid of clavicle, upper surace of acromion, spine of scapula
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Action: Abducts arm
Nerve: Axillary
Artery: Posterior humeral circumflex (branch of axillary), deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery
Teres major: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Dorsal surface of inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus
Action: Adducts and medially rotates humerus and draws it back
Nerve: Lower subscapular (C5-6)
Artery: Scapular circumflex (branch of subscapular artery)
Pectoralis major: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Sternal half of clavicle, sternum to 7th rib, cartilages of true ribs, aponeurosis of external obliques
Insertion: Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus
Action: Adducts arm, draws it forward, rotates it medially
Nerve: Medial (C8-T1) and lateral (C5-C7) pectoral n
Artery: Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial, perforating braches of internal thoracic

Can rupture during weight lifting
Pectoralis minor: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Outer surface of upper margin of ribs 3-5
Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula
Action: Lowers lateral angle of scapula, pulls shoulder forward, stablizes scapula
Nerve: Medial pectoral n (C8-T1)
Artery: Thoracoacromial and intercostal bracnes of internal thoracic, lateral thoracic (off axillary)
Serratus Anterior: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral surace of Ribs 1-8
Insertion: Anteromedial border of scapula
Action: Abducts scapula, raises ribs when scapula is fixed, (holds scapula to chest wall)
Nerve: Long thoracic (C5-7)
Artery: Lateral thoracic (off axillary artery)
Subclavius: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Upper border of 1st rib and its cartilage
Insertion: Groove on under surface of clavicle
Action: Draws clavicle down and forward
Nerve: Nerve to subclavius (c5 + 6)
Artery: Clavicular branch of throracoacromial
Corachobrachialis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Coracoid Process of Scapula
Insertion:Middle of medial border of humerus
Action: Flexion and adduction of the arm
Nerve: Musculocutaneous (C5-7, pierces coracobrachialis)
Artery: Muscular branches of the brachial artery

Part of the "conjoined tendon"
Brachialis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lower two thirds of anterior surface of the humerus
Insertion: Coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity (both on ulna)
Action: Flexes forearm
Nerve: Medial: Musculocutaneous (c5-c7), Lateral: Radial (C5-T1)
Artery: Radial recurrent (branch of radial artery immediately below elbow), brachial (continuation of axillary after teres major)
Biceps Brachii: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin:
Short Head: coracoid process
Long Head: supraglenoid tuberosity of scapula
Insertion:
Short head: Radial tuberosity
Long head: Radial tuberosity
Action: Supinate and flex forearm
Nerve: Musculocutaneous (c5-7)
Artery: Muscular branches of brachial
Triceps Brachii: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin:
Long Head: Infraglenoid tuberosity of scapula
Lateral Head: Posteior and lateral surface of the proximal humerus
Medial Head: Lower posterior surface of humerus
Insertion: Olecranon Process
Action: Extends forearmn, if arm is abducted, long head aids in abducting it
Nerve: Radial nerve (c5-t1)
Artery: Branch of profunda brachii

Long head is the border of quadrangular and traiangular space and intreval
Lateral head is a border in the lateral approach
Conjoined tendon
Coracobrachialis and Short head of biceps brachii
Pronator Teres: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin:
Humeral Head: from medial epicondylar ridge of humerus and common flexor tendon
Ulnar (deep) Head: Medial side of coronoid process of ulna
Insertion: Middle of lateral surface of radius
Action:Pronates forearm, assists in flexing forearm
Nerve: Median n (c5-t1)
Artery: Anterior ulnar recurrent

Can compress median nerve in pronator syndrome
Flexor Carpi Radialis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle of humerus, fascia of forearm
Insertion: base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones
Action: Flexes wrist, radial deviation (abducting)
Nerve: Median
Artery: Muscular branches of radial

Radial artery is immediately lateral
Palmaris Longus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Transverse carpal ligament and pamar aponeurosis
Action: Flex wrist, assists in pronation and flexion of forearm
Nerve: Median (c5-t1)
Artery: Posterior ulnar recurrent
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin:
Humeral Head: From common flexor tendon from medail epicondyle of humerus
Ulnar Head: from olecranon and dorsal border of ulna
Insertion: Pisiform, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal bones
Action: Flexes wrist and assists in adducting it, assists in flexing forearm
Nerve: Ulnar (c8-t1)
Artery: Posterior ulnar recurrent

Most powerful wrist flexor. May compress ulnar nerve.
Flexor digitorum superficialis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin:
Humeral head: from common flexor tendon of medial epicondyle of humerus
Ulnar head: from coronoid Process of ulna
Radial Head: from oblique line of radius
Insertion: Middle phalanges of medial 4 digits (no thumb!)
Action: Flexes middle and proximal phalanx of medial 4 digits (flexes PIPJ)
Nerve: Median (c5-t1)
Artery: Muscular branches of ulnar, muscular branches of radial

often considered a "middle flexor" because of its position between muscles
Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP): Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Medial and anterior surface of ulna, interosseous membrane, deep fascia of forearm
Insertion: Distal phalanges of medial 4 digits
Action: Flexes terminal phalanges of medial 4 digits, aids in flexing wrist
Nerve: Anterior interosseus n ( a branch of the median nerve!) for index and middle finger, Ulnar n for ring and pinky
Artery: Anterior interosseous of ulnar, muscular branches of ulnar

use ok sign to test AIN (innervates the Flexor pollicis longus, Flexor digitorum profundus I & II, and the pronator quadratus)
Flexor pollicis longus (FPL): Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Volar surface of radius, adjacent interosseous membrane, medial border of coronoid process of ulna
Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of thumb on palmar surface
Action: Flexes thumb
Nerve: Anterior interosseous n of median
Artery: Anterior interosseous of ulnar
Pronator Quadratus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Distal fourth of volar surface of ulna
Insertion: Distal fourth of lateral border on volar surface of radius
Action: Pronates forearm
Nerve: Anterior interosseous nerve (off of median)
Artery: Volar interosseous of ulnar
What innervates the three deep flexors of the hand and how is it tested
the Anterior Interosseous Nerve, tested by making the "OK" sign
Anconeous: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, posterior ligament of elbow joint
Insertion: Lateral side of olecranon and posterior surface of ulna
Action: Assists tricep in extending forearm
Nerve: Radial (c5-t1)
Artery: Branch of profunda brachii
Extensor digitorum communis (EDC): Origin, Insertion, Action, and Nerve
aka extensor digitorum

Origin: Common extensor origin on the Lateral epicondyle
Insertion: MCP: Sag band, P2: Central slip, P3: terminal insert
Action: Digit extension
Nerve: Posterior interosseous nerve (of Radial)
Extensor digit minimi: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Common extensor tendon from lateral epicondyle of the humerus, intermuscular septa
Insertion: Dorsum of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Action:Extends 5th digit
Nerve: Posterior interosseous of radial
Artery: Posterior interosseous of ulnar
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Freem common extensor tendon from lateral epicondyle of humerus and from posterior border of ulna
Insertion: Medial side of base of 5th metacarpal bone
Action: Extends wrist, adducts hand
Nerve: Posterior interosseus of radial
Artery: Posterior interosseous of ulnar
Brachioradialis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Proximal two thirds of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus, lateral IM seputm
Insertion: Lateral side of base of styloid process of radius
Action: Flexes forearm after flexion has been started by biceps and brachialis, may also act as a semipronator and semisupinator
Nerve: Radial (C5-T1)
Artery: Radial recurrent
Extensor carpi radialis longus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral third of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus, lateral IM septum
Insertion: Dorsal surface of base of 2nd metacarpal bone
Action: Extend wrist, adbucts hand
Nerve: Radial (c5-t1)
Artery: Muscular branches of radial, radial recurrent
Extensor carpi radialis brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: From common extensor from lateral condyle of humerus, radial collateral ligament of elbow joint, intermuscular septa
Insertion: Dorsal surface of base of 3rd metacarpal bone
Action: Extends wrist, abducts hand
Nerve: Posterior interosseous nerve of radial
Artery: Muscular branches of radial, radial recurrent
Supinator: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, lateral ligament of elbow joint and annular ligament of radius, supinator crest and fossa of ulna
Insertion: Latera and anterior surface of upper thrid of radius
Action: supinates forearm
Nerve:Deep branch of radial
Artery: radial recurrent, and posterior interosseous of ulnar
Abductor pollicis longus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: posterior surface of ulna, interossesous membrane, middle third of posterior surface of radius
Insertion: radial side of base of 1st metacarpal bone
Action: Abducts and extends thumb and wrist (CMCJ)
Nerve: Posterior interosseous of radial
Artery: Posterior interosseous of ulnar
Extensor pollicis longus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Middle third of posterior surface of ulna, interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of thumb
Action: Extends terminal phalanx of thumb (IPJ)
Nerve: Posterior interosseous of radial
Artery: Posterior interosseous of ulnar

tendon turns 45 degrees on Lister's tubercle
Extensor polllicis brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Posterior surface of radius, interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of proxima phalanx of thumb
Action: Extends proximal phalanx of thumb (MCPJ)
Nerve: Posterior interosseous of radial
Artery: Posterior interosseous of ulnar

radial border of snuffbox
Extensor indicis proprius: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Posterior surface of ulna, interosseous membrane
Insertion: Dorsum of proximal phalanx of index finger
Action: Extends proximal phalanx of index finger
Nerve: Posterior interosseous of radial
Artery: Posterior interosseous of ulnar
Abductor pollicis brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Transverse carpa ligament, scaphoid and trapezium
Insertion: Radial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Action: palmar pronation, abducts thumb, draws thumb at right anges to thumb. Primary muscle in opposition
Nerve: Median (muscular branches)
Artery: Superficial volar branch of radial
Flexor pollicis brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin:
1. Superficial head - transverse carpal ligament
2. Deep head - trapezium
Insertion:
1. Superficial head - base of thumb
2. Proximal phalanx
Action: Thumb MPC flexion
Nerve: dual innervation
1. Superficial head: Median
2. Deep head: deep branch of ulnar nerve
Artery: Superficial volar branch of radial
Opponens pollicis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Transverse carpal ligament, trapezium
Insertion: Anterior surface of radial side of 1st metacarpal bone
Action: Oppose (flex / abduct) thumb
Nerve: Muscular branch of median
Artery: Superficial volar branch of radial

pronates / stabilizes thumb MC
Adductor pollicis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin:
Oblique head: from trapezium, trapezoid, and capitate as well as base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
Transverse head: from volar surface of 3rd metacarpal
Insertion: Ulnar side of proximal phalanx of thumb
Action: Adducts thumb, aids in opposition
Nerve: Deep volar branch of ulnar
Artery:Deep volar arch

Test function with froment's test
Palmaris brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Ulnar side of transverse carpal ligament, palmar aponeurosis
Insertion: Skin of ulnar border (medial) palm
Action: Wrinkles skin on ulnar side of palm, deeps the hollow of the hand
Nerve: Superficial volar branch of ulnar
Artery: Superficial volar arch
Abductor digiti minimi: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Pisifiorm bone, tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
Insertion: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of pinky and aponeurosis of extensor digiti minimi
Action: Abducts 5th digit (pinky) from 4th digit
Nerve: Deep volar branch of ulnar
Artery: Deep volar branch of ulnar, dorsal carpal branch of ulnar
Flexor Digiti Minimi brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Transverse carpal ligament, hamulus of hamate bone
Insertion: ulnar side of base of proximal phalanx of pinky
Action: Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit (flexes MCP of pinky)
Nerve: Deep volar branch of ulnar
Artery: Deep volar branch of ulnar, dorsal carpal branch of ulnar
Opponens digiti minimi: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Transverse carpal ligament, hamulus of hamate bone
Insertion: Ulnar margin of 5 metacarpal bone
Action: Draws 5th metacarpal bone forward to face thumb, deeps hollow of hand
Nerve: Deep volar branch of ulnar
Artery: Deep volar branch of ulnar, dorsal carpal branch of ulnar
Lumbricals 1&2: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Arise from the corresponding tendons of flexor digitorum profundus.
Insertion: With tendons of extensor digotorum and interossei into bases of terminal phalanges
Action: Flexes fingers at MCP, extends fingers and interphalangeal joints
Nerve: Median
Artery: Superficial and deep volar arches

only muscle to insert on their own antagonist (FDP)
Lumbricals 3&4: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Arise from the corresponding tendons of flexor digitorum profundus.
Insertion: With tendons of extensor digotorum and interossei into bases of terminal phalanges
Action: Flexes fingers at MCP, extends fingers and interphalangeal joints
Nerve: Ulnar
Artery: Superficial and deep volar arches

only muscle to insert on their own antagonist (FDP)
Interosseous dorsal: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Adjacent metacarpals
Insertion: Proximal phalanx and extensor expansion (lateral bands). Bipennate, each belly has separate insertion
Action: Digit abduction and MCP flexion
Nerve: Deep volar branch of ulnar
Artery: Deep volar arch

DAB PAD: dorsal abduct, palmar adduct
Interossei palmar: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Adjacent metacarpals
Insertion: Extensor expansion (lateral bands)
Action: Digit adduction
Nerve: Deep volar branch of Ulnar
Artery: Deep volar arch

Unipennate, PAD
Psoas Major: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Transverse processes and bodies of T12-L5 vertebra
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur (with Iliacus forms iliopsoas)
Action: Flexes hip
Nerve: Femoral
Artery: Lumbar branch of iliolumbar
Psoas minor: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Vertebral margins of T12-L1 vertabrae
Insertion: Pectineal line, iliopectineal eminence
Action: Assists in hip flexion (weak, present in ~50% of people)
Nerve: L1 ventral ramus
Artery: Lumbar branch of iliolumbar
Iliacus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Iliac fossa / sacral ala
Insertion: Lesser trochanter, capsule of hip joint, body of femur (with psoas major forms iliopsoas)
Action: Flexes hip
Nerve: muscular branches of Femoral n
Artery: Iliac branch of iliolumbar
Tensor fascia latae: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Anterior part of outer lip of iliac crest, anterior border of ilium
Insertion: Middle third of thigh along iliotibial tract
Action: Assists in flexing, abducting, and internally rotating the hip; counteracts backward pull of gluteus maximus
Nerve: Superior gluteal n
Artery: Superior gluteal artery, lateral femoral circumflex artery
Gluteus medius: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Outerial surface of ilium, between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
Insertion: Posterior of greater trochanter
Action: Abducts and internally rotates thigh
Nerve: Superior gluteal
Artery: Deep branch of superior gluteal

Trendelenburg gait if muscle is out
Gluteus minimus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Outer surface of ilium between anterioir and inferior gluteal lines
Insertion: Anterior border of greater trochanter of femur
Action: Abducts and internally rotates the thigh
Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Artery: Deep branch of superior gltueal
Gluteus maximus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Posterior gluteal line, tendon of sacrospinalis, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract
Action: Extends and externally rotates thigh
Nerve: Inferior gluteal n
Artery: Superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, 1st perforating branch of profunda femoris

Must be split in posterior approach to the hip
Obturator externus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Outer margin of obturator foramen, outer surface of obturator membrane
Insertion: Trochanteric fossa of femur
Action: Adducts and externally rotates thigh
Nerve: Posterior branch of obturator n
Artery: Obturator, medial femoral circumflex

Inserts at start point of IM nail
Piriformis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Anterior sacrum
Insertion: Superior border of greater trochanter
Action: Externally rotates thigh, abducts thigh when limb is flexed
Nerve: N. to piriformis
Artery: Superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, internal pudendal
Superior gemellus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Outer surface of ischial spine
Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter, blends with obturator internus tendon
Action: Externally rotates thigh
Nerve: N. to obturator internus
Artery: Inferior gluteal
Obturator internus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Ischiopubic rami, obturator membrane
Insertion: Medial greater trochanter
Action: Adducts and externally rotates the hip
Nerve: N. to obturator internus
Artery: Muscular branches of internal pudendal, superior gluteal

Exits through lesser sciatic foramen
Inferior gemellus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Upper part of ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter, blends with obturator internus tendon
Action: Externally rotates thigh
Nerve: N. to quadratus femoris
Artery: Inferior gluteal
Quadratus femoris: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral margin of ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Quadrate tubercle of femur, linea quadrata
Action: Adducts and externally rotates thigh
Nerve: N. to quadratus femoris
Artery: Medial femoral circumflex
Articularis genus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Distal anterior femoral shaft (arises deep to V. intermedius)
Insertion: Synovial capsule
Action: Pulls capsule of knee joint superiorly when in extension
Nerve: Femoral
Artery: Lateral femoral circumflex
Sartorious: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine, upper half of iliac notch
Insertion: Proximal medial tibia (pes anserinus)
Action: Flexes and externally rotates hip
Nerve: Muscular branches of femoral (L2-L4)
Artery: Muscular branches of femoral

can avulse from ASIS
Rectus Femoris: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin:
Straight head: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
Reflected head: Superior acetabular rim
Insertion: Upper border of patella, by ligamentum patellae into tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends leg, flexes thigh
Nerve: Femoral
Artery: Lateral femoral circumflex

can avulse from AIIS
Vastus lateralis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Greater trochanter, lateral linea aspera
Insertion: Lateral border of patella, lateral tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends leg
Nerve: Muscular branches of femoral (L2-L4)
Artery: Lateral femoral circumflex

Oblique fibers can affect Q angle
Vastus intermedius: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Proximal femoral shaft
Action: Patella / tibial tubercle
Nerve: Muscular branches of femoral
Artery: Lateral femoral circumflex

Covers articularis genus
Vastus medialis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Intertrochanteric line, medial linea aspera
Insertion: medial border of patella, tibial tubercle
Action: Extends leg and draws patella medially
Nerve: Muscular branches of femoral
Artery: Muscular branches of femoral, muscular branches of profunda femoris, genicular branches of popliteal

weak in many patellofemoral disorders
Obturator externus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Outer margin of obturator foramen, outer surface of obturator membrane
Insertion: Trochanteric fossa of femur
Action: Adducts thigh, externally rotates thigh
Nerve: Posterior branch of obturator
Artery: Obturator, medial femoral circumflex

Insertion at start point of IM nail
Adductor longus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Body of pubic pubis (inferior), in angle between between crest and symphysis
Insertion: Middle half of medial lip of linea aspera
Action: Adducts thigh and assist in flexing it
Nerve: Anterior branch of obturator
Artery: Medial femoral circumflex, obturator

Tendon can ossify
Adductor brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Outer surface of inferior surface of pubic ramus
Insertion: Line extending from lesser trochanter to linea aspera
Action: Adducts thigh and assists in flexing it
Nerve: Anterior branch of obturator
Artery: Medial femoral circumflex, obturator a

Deep to pectineus
Adductor magnus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin:
1. Pubic ramus
2. Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Linea aspera, adductor tubercle
Action: Adducts and flex/extend thigh
Nerve:
1. Obturator
2. Sciatic
Artery: Medial femoral circumflex, perforating branches of profunda femoris, muscular branches of popliteal

Muscle has two separate parts
Gracilis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lower half of pubic symphysis, upper half of pubic arch
Insertion: Upper part of medial surface of tibia
Action: Flexes and medially rotates leg, adducts thigh
Nerve: Anterior branch of obturator
Artery: Muscular branches of profunda femoris, obturator, medial femoral circumflex

Used in ligament reconstruction
Pectineus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Pectineal line of pubis
Insertion: Pectineal line of femur
Action: Adducts, flexes, and internally rotates thigh
Nerve: Muscular branches of femoral
Artery: Medial femoral circumflex, obturator
Semitendinosus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Ischial tuberosity with tendon of biceps
Insertion: Proximal medial tibia (pes anserinus)
Action: Flexes leg, extends thigh, internally rotates leg when knee is semi-flexed
Nerve: Sciatic (tibial)
Artery: Perforating branches of profunda femoris, superior muscular branches of popliteal
Semimembranosus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Upper and lateral facet of ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia
Action: Flexes leg, extends thigh, internally rotates leg when knee is semiflexed
Nerve: Sciatic
Artery: Perforating branches of profunda femoris, superior muscular branches of popliteal
Bicep Femoris: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin:
Long head: ischial tuberosity
Short head: Linea aspera / supracondylar line
Insertion:
Long head: Head of fibula
Short head: Fibula, lateral tibia
Action: Extends thigh, flexes leg
Nerve:
Long head: sciatic (tibial)
Short head: sciatic (peroneal)
Artery: Perforating branches of profunda femoris, superior muscular branches of popliteal
Tibialis Anterior: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia, upper two-thirds of lateral surface of tibia, interosseous membrane, lateral IM septum
Insertion: Medial and plantar surface of medial cuneiform bone, base of 1st metatarsal bone
Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Nerve: Deep peroneal
Artery: Muscular branches of anterior tibial

Tests L4 motor function
Extensor hallucis longus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Middle half of anterior surface of fibula, adjacent interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of great toe
Action: Extends great toe, continued action dorsiflexes foot
Nerve: Deep peroneal
Artery: Muscular branches of anterior tibial

Tests L5 motor function
Extensor digitorum longus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia, upper three fourths of anterior fibula, interosseous membrane, IM septa
Insertion: dorsal surface of middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes
Action: Extends phalanges of lateral 4 toes, continued action dorsiflexes foot
Nerve: Deep peroneal
Artery: Muscular branches of anterior tibial

Sindle tendon divides into 4 tendons
Peroneus tertius: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lower anterior surface of fibula, adjacent interosseous membrane
Insertion: Dorsal surface of base of 5th metatarsal bone
Action: Dorsiflexes and everts foot
Nerve: Deep peroneal n.
Artery: Muscular branches of anterior tibial

commonly know as the 5th tendon of extensor digitorum longus. Often adjoined to the EDL.
Peroneus longus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia, head and upper two-thirds of lateral surface of fibula, IM septa
Insertion: Lateral side of medial cuneiform bone, base of 1st metatarsal bone
Action: Plantarflexes and everts foot
Nerve: Superficial peroneal
Artery: Muscular branches of anterior tibial, muscular branches of peroneal

Tests S1 motor function, runs under the foot
Peroneus brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral two-thirds of lateral surface of tibia
Insertion: Lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal bone
Action: Plantarflexes and everts foot
Nerve: Superficial peroneal
Artery: Muscular branches of peroneal

Can cause avulsion fx at base of 5th metatarsal; has most distal muscle belly
Gastrocnemius: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral (lateral head) and medial femoral (medial head) condyles
Insertion: Into calcaneus via achilles tendon
Action: Plantarflexes foot,
Nerve: Tibial
Artery: Sural branches of popliteal

Tests S1 motor function, fabella is tendon of lateral head
Soleus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Posterior fibular head/soleal line of tibia
Insertion: Into calcaneus by achilles tendon
Action: Plantar flexes foot
Nerve: Tibial
Artery: Posterior tibial, peroneal, sural branches of popliteal
Plantaris: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral supracondylar line of femur, oblique popliteal ligament of knee joint
Insertion: Medial side of posterior part of calcaneus via achilles tendon
Action: Plantarflexes foot (weak)
Nerve: Tibial
Artery: Sural branches of popliteal

Long tendon can be harvested for tendon reconstruction
Popliteus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral condyle of femur, oblique popliteal ligament of knee
Insertion: Triangular area on posterior surface of tibia above soleal line
Action: Flexes leg, internally rotates tibia/knee in beginning of flexion (i.e. during swing phase)
Nerve: Tibial

Origin is inraarticular;
primary restratint to external rotation of the knee
Artery: Genicular branches of popliteal
Flexor hallicus longus: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lower two-thirds of posterior tibia, interosseous membrane and IM septum
Insertion: base of distal phalanx of great toe
Action: Plantarflexes great toe, continued action aids in plantarflexing toe
Nerve: Tibial
Artery: Muscular branches of peroneal

Tests S1 motor function
Flexor digotorum longs: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Posterior surface of middle three fifths of tibia, fascia covering tibialis posterior
Insertion: Plantar surface of base of distal phalanx of lateral four toes
Action: Plantarflexes lateral 4 toes
Nerve: Tibial
Artery: Posterior tibial

At ankle, tendon is just anterior to tibial artery
Tibialis posterior: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Posterior tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane
Insertion: Tuberosity of navicular bone, plantar surface of all cuneiform bones, plantar surface of 2-4 metatarsal bones, cuboid bone, sustentaculum tali
Action: Plantarflexes and inverts foot
Nerve: Tibial
Artery: Peroneal

Tendon rupture / degeneration can cause acquired flat foot
Abductor Hallucis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Medial process of calcaneus, calcaneal tuberosity, laciniate ligament, platnar aponeurosis
Insertion: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
Action: Abducts great toe
Nerve: Medial plantar toe
Artery: Medial plantar toe

Fascia can entrap nerve to ADM
Flexor digitorum brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Medial process of calcaneus, plantear aponeurosis, adjacent IM septa
Insertion: middle phalanx of lateral 4 toes
Action: flexes lateral 4 toes,
Nerve: Medial plantar
Artery: Medial plantar

supports longtitudinal arch
Abductor digiti minimi: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Lateral and medial process of calcaneus, calcaneal fascia, adjacent IM septum
Insertion: Latearl side of base of proximal phalanx of pinky toe
Action: Abducts pinky toe, assists in flexing it
Nerve: Lateral plantar
Artery: Lateral plantar

nerve can be entrapped by abduction hallucis fascia
Quadratus plantae: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Medial head: from medial surface of calcaneus and medial border of long plantar ligament
Lateral border: from lateral border of plantar surface of calcaneus and lateral border of long plantar ligament
Insertion: Tendons of flexor digotorum longus
Action: Flexes terminal phalanges of lateral 4 toes
Nerve: Lateral plantar
Artery: Lateral plantar
Lumbricals: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: arise from tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Insertion: bases of terminal phalanges of 4 lateral toes along with extensor digitorum long and interossei
Action: flexes MTP joint and extends IP joint
Nerve: 1. medial plantar, 2-4. lateral plantar
Artery: Plantar metatarsal
Flexor Hallucis Brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Medial part of plantar surface of cuboid bone, adjacent portion of lateral cuneiform bone, prolongation of tendon of tibalis posterior
Insertion: Medial and lateral sides of proximal phalanx of great toe
Action: Flexes great toe
Nerve: Proper digital nerve of great toe of medial plantar nerve
Artery: First plantar metatarsal

Sesamoid bones are within the tendons
Adductor hallucis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin:
Oblique head: from bases of 2-4 metatarsal bones
Transverse head: from capsule of 2-5 metatarsophalangeal ligaments
Insertion: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of sole
Action: adducts great toe, assists in flexing it
Nerve: Deep branch of lateral plantar
Artery: First plantar metatarsal

2 heads have different orientations, contributes to hallux valgus deformity
Flexor digit minimi brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Base of 5th metatarsal
Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of pinky toe
Action: Flexes pinky toe
Nerve: Lateral plantar
Artery: Lateral plantar

small, relatively insignificant muscle
Plantar interossei: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: Medial 3-5 metatarsals
Insertion: medial proximal phalanges of toes 3-5
Action: adducts toes, flex MTPJ; extends LJ,
attachment to MT is medial for all 3
Nerve: Lateral plantar
Artery: Plantar metatarsal
Dorsal interossei: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin: adjacent MT shafts
Insertion: medial proximal phalanx (2nd toe), Lateral proximal phalanx (toes 2-4)
Action: Abducts toes
Nerve: Lateral plantar
Artery: Dorsal metatarsal

Larger than the planter interossei (bipennate)
Extensor hallucis brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve
Origin: Dorsolateral calcaneus
Insertion: bases of proximal phalanx of great toe
Action: extends great toe at MCPJ
Nerve: deep peroneal

assists EHL with its action
Extensor digititorum brevis: Origin, Insertion, Action, Nerve, and Artery
Origin:Dorsolateral calcaneus
Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of toes 2-4
Action: Extends lesser toes at MCPJ
Nerve: deep peroneal

no tendon to small toe