Multi-Store Model Of Memory

Front 1

Environmental Stimuli

Back 1

the 5 senses, goes into the sensory memory

Front 2

Sensory Memory

Back 2

really short, only a few seconds long, detects sudden changes. - goes into Short-Term Memory through attention

Front 3

Short-term Memory

Back 3

things stored for approximately 20 - 30 seconds (Peterson & Peterson) through rehersal things move to the Long-term Memory or back to STM

Front 4

Long-Term Memory

Back 4

the capacity seems to be infinite

Front 5

Peterson & Peterson (1959)

Back 5

Ps. were read nonsense, consonant trigrams, they then had to count back in threes from a number for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds. At 3 seconds over 90% correct; at 9 seconds c. 20% correct; at 18 very few correct. Duration of STM c. 20 - 30 seconds

Front 6

Jacobs (1887)

Back 6

tested digit span and letter span - people typically recalled 9 digits and 7 letters

Front 7

Miller (1956)

Back 7

he realised that "chunking" can increase STM capacity - you can remember 7+-2 "chunks" rather than items

Front 8

Bahrick et. al. (1975)

Back 8

used c.400 Ps. - gave them 3 tests; 1) free recall - list all class mates names, 2) photo rec - look at photos and provide name, 3) name rec - given a name but had to choose photo. after 15 years people got 90% on face and name, 60% on name recall. after 48 years 80% on name rec and 40% on face rec

Front 9

Acoustically Encoded
(Encoding in STM and LTM)

Back 9

will be confused by similar sounds (STM)

Front 10

Semantically Encoded
(Encoding in STM and LTM)

Back 10

will be confused by similar meanings (STM)

Front 11

Baddley (1966)

Back 11

Ps. given a list of words either acoustically similar or semantically similar. they were tested on the lists either immediately or 20 minutes later. immediate test better at semantically similar whereas, 20 minutes later better at acoustically similar

Front 12

Clive Wearing

Back 12

parts of his LTM appear to be perfect - e.g. procedural memory such as walking and playing the piano. but can't remember his children etc.

Front 13

Jill Price

Back 13

one part of her LTM is exceptional - i.e. autobigraphical (episodic) memory. can remember what happened on tv on certain days etc.

Front 14

Primacy and Recency Effect

Back 14

when trying to remember a long list you tend to recall the first(primacy) and the last (recency) items best. earlier items believed to bein LTM (rehearsal) and the last items in STM

Front 15

Levels of Processing

Back 15

theor suggests that we don't just transfer memories from STM to LTM via rehearsal, it tends to happen best when we process information more deeply