Mr. Brewster's Vocab Test-Chemistry

Front 1

matter

Back 1

Anything that has mass (the amount of material in an object) and takes up space. On the earth, where gravity is present, we weigh an object to determine its mass.

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element

Back 2

Chemical, such as hydrogen (H), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), or oxygen (O), whose distinctly different atoms serve as the basic building blocks of all matter. There are 92 naturally occurring elements. Another 23 have been made in laboratories. Two or more elements combine to form compounds that make up most of the world's matter.

Front 3

compound

Back 3

Combination of atoms, or oppositely charged ions, of two or more different elements held together by attractive forces called chemical bonds.

Front 4

mixture

Back 4

Combination of one or more elements and compounds.

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atom

Back 5

Minute unit made of subatomic particles that is the basic building block of all chemical elements and thus all matter; the smallest unit of an element that can exist and still have the unique characteristics of that element.

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ion

Back 6

Atom or group of atoms with one or more positive (1) or negative (2) electrical charges.

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molecule

Back 7

Combination of two or more atoms of the same chemical element (such as O2) or different chemical elements (such as H2O) held together by chemical bonds.

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subatomic particles

Back 8

Extremely small particles--electrons, protons, and neutrons--that make up the internal structure of atoms

Front 9

nucleus

Back 9

Extremely tiny center of an atom, making up most of the atom's mass. It contains one or more positively charged protons and one or more neutrons with no electrical charge (except for a hydrogen-1 atom, which has one proton and no neutrons in its nucleus).

Front 10

atomic number

Back 10

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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mass number

Back 11

Sum of the number of neutrons (n) and the number of protons (p) in the nucleus of an atom. It gives the approximate mass of that atom. Compare atomic number.

Front 12

isotopes

Back 12

Two or more forms of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different mass numbers because they have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

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ion

Back 13

Atom or group of atoms with one or more positive (1) or negative (2) electrical charges.

Front 14

concentration

Back 14

Amount of a chemical in a particular volume or weight of air, water, soil, or other medium.

Front 15

pH

Back 15

Numeric value that indicates the relative acidity or alkalinity of a substance on a scale of 0-14, with the neutral point at 7. Acid solutions have pH values lower than 7, and basic or alkaline solutions have pH values greater than 7.

Front 16

chemical formula

Back 16

Shorthand way to show the number of atoms (or ions) in the basic structural unit of a compound. Examples are H2O, NaCl, and C6H12O6.

Front 17

organic compounds

Back 17

Compounds containing carbon atoms combined with each other and with atoms of one or more other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, and fluorine. All other compounds are called inorganic compounds.

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genes

Back 18

Coded units of information about specific traits that are passed on from parents to offspring during reproduction. They consist of segments of DNA molecules found in chromosomes.

Front 19

chromosome

Back 19

Grouping of various genes and associated proteins in plant and animal cells that carry certain types of genetic information. See genes.

Front 20

inorganic compounds

Back 20

All compounds not classified as organic compounds.

Front 21

plasma

Back 21

An ionized gas consisting of electrically conductive ions and electrons. It is known as a fourth state of matter.

Front 22

matter quality

Back 22

Measure of how useful a matter resource is, based on its availability and concentration.

Front 23

high-quality matter

Back 23

Matter that is concentrated and contains a high concentration of a useful resource. Compare low-quality matter.

Front 24

Periodic table of elements

Back 24

a way that elements are classified based on their chemical behavior

Front 25

pH scale

Back 25

a scale used to measure acidity and alkalinity that goes from 0-14, where acids are less than 7, neutrals are 7, and bases are greater than 7, used to measure the amount of H+ ions in a solution

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acids

Back 26

solutions with a pH less than 7, release H+ ions (hydrogen)

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bases

Back 27

solutions with a pH greater than 7, release OH- ions (hydroxide)

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ionic compound

Back 28

a compound made up of oppositely charged ions

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covalent (molecular) compounds

Back 29

compounds made up of uncharged atoms

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ionic bond

Back 30

forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

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covalent bond

Back 31

2 or more nonmetals forming a bond, they share electrons

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hydrogen bonds

Back 32

weaker forces of attractions between the molecules of covalent compounds

Front 33

endothermic reaction

Back 33

a chemical reaction where energy is absorbed

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exothermic reaction

Back 34

a chemical reaction where energy is released

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solvent

Back 35

substance doing the dissolving in a solution

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solute

Back 36

the substance being dissolved in a solution

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solution

Back 37

a uniform mixture of 2 or more substances

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activation energy

Back 38

the minimum energy needed to cause a chemical reaction

Front 39

hydrocarbons

Back 39

compounds of carbon and hydrogen atoms (i.e. methane)

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chlorinated hydrocarbons

Back 40

compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine atoms (i.e. DDT)

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chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Back 41

compounds of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine atoms (Freon-12 used to be used in ACs)

Front 42

simple carbohydrates (simple sugars)

Back 42

certain types of compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (i.e. glucose)

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complex carbohydrates

Back 43

consist of 2 or more monomers of simple sugars (like glucose) linked together

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proteins

Back 44

formed by linking together monomers of amino acids

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nucleic acids

Back 45

made by linked sequences of monomers called nucleotides (i.e. DNA)

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PO©þ

Back 46

phosphate

Front 47

SO©þ

Back 47

sulfate

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NaOH

Back 48

sodium hydroxide

Front 49

NH©ý

Back 49

Ammonia

Front 50

H©üSO©þ

Back 50

sulfuric acid

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HNO©ý

Back 51

Nitric acid

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HCl

Back 52

hydrochloric acid

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H©ýO+

Back 53

hydronium ion (released by acids)

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OH-

Back 54

hydroxide ion, released by bases