Moral Development Terms From Ch. 13 Child Development

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Altruism

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An unselfish interest in helping another person.

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Piaget's Two Stages of Moral Development

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1.) Heteronomous Morality
2.) Autonomous Moratlity

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Heteronomous Morality

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The first stage of moral development occurring from 4-7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.

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Autonomous Morality

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The second stage of moral development, displayed by children 10 and up. The child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging an action, one should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences.

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Care Perspective

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The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan; views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

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Character Education

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A direct moral education approach that involves teaching students a basic "moral literacy" to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior or doing harm to themselves or others.

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Cognitive Moral Education

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Education based on the belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops; Kohlhberg's theory has been the basis for many of the cognitive moral education approaches.

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Conduct Disorder

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Age-Inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's norms, and the personal or property rights of others.

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Conventional Reasoning

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(Kohlberg) At this level, individuals abide by certain standards, but they are the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society.

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Empathy

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Reacting to another's feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other's feelings.

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Heteronomous Morality

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(Kohlberg) Moral thinking is tied to punishment.

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Hidden Curriculum

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The pervasive moral atmosphere that characterizes schools.

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Immanent Justice

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Piaget's concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.

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Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, Exchange

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(Kohlberg) Individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same.

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Induction

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A discipline technique in which a parent uses reasoning and explains the consequences for others of the child's actions.

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Justice Perspective

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A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions.

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Juvenile Delinquincy

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Refers to a great variety of behaviors by an adolescent, ranging from unacceptable behavior to breaking the law.

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Love Withdrawal

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A discipline technique in which a parent withholds love or attention from the child.

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Moral Development

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Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.

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Moral Exemplars

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People who have lived extraordinary lives. Emphasizes the development of personality, identity, character, and virtue that reflect moral excellence and commitment.

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Moral Identity

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The aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives.

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Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships

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(Kohlberg) Individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgment.

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Postconventional

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(Kohlberg) Highest level. Individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.

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Power Assertion

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A discipline technique in which a parent attempts to gain control over the child or the child's resources.

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Preconventional Reasoning

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(Kohlberg) The individual's moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment.

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Service Learning

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A form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.

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Social Cognitive Theory of Morality

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The theory that distinguishes between moral competence -- the ability to produce moral behaviors-- and moral performance-- those behaviors in specific situations.

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Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights

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(Kohlberg) Individuals reason that values, rights, and principles under-gird or transcend the law.

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Social Conventional Reasoning

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Focuses on conventional rules established by social consensus, as opposed to moral reasoning that stresses ethical issues.

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Social Systems Morality

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A theory stating that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men -- social hierarchy and division of labor strongly influence gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nature.

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Universal Ethical Principles

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(Kohlberg) Individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights.

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Values Clarification

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Helping people clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for. Students are encouraged to define their own values and understand others' values.