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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Summary of Endosymbiosis |
1. 2 independent bacteria 2. one engulfs 3. one lives inside 4. both benefit 5. internal bacteria - passed on in successive generations |
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What facilitated the increase in complexity of cells? |
-mitochondria -electron transport chain -making ATP through oxidative phosphorylation |
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Eukaryotic vs. Bacterial ATP production |
Euk: highly folded inner mitochondrial membranes Prok: outer plasma membrane (ATP limitations - less surface area) |
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Larger eukaryotic cells are more efficient because they compartmentalize their energy production in mitochondria with elaborate..... |
Cristae
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Advantage of removing oxidative phosphorylation from the the plasma membrane.... |
frees up space for other specialized functions (ex: phagocytosis) |
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Typical animal mitochondrial genome |
Encode: -Ribosomal RNAs -Transfer RNAs -polypeptide subunits for electron transport chain complexes + ATP synthase -these genes are all involved in oxidative phosphorylation |
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Why do mitochondria have their own genes? |
-Minimize damage and delay aging -maintaining key genes allows eukaryotic cells to finely control rate of resiration -mito. genes can be turned on/off -ATP production =controlled/efficient |
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What happens when the electron transport chain doesn't work properly? |
-can create reactive oxygen species -ROS can damage DNA, lipids + other biomolecules |
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How do eukaryotic cells prevent age-related damage from being passed on to the next generation? |
-early on healthy mitochondria are set aside -these have healthy mtDNA -stay in germ line tissue -produce gametes at maturity |
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Why aren't male mitochondria normally transmitted? |
1. Uniparental inheritance - prevents warfare between maternal and paternal mitochondria 2. Limits damage in embryos - eggs have lower respiration rate |
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Unusual system of mitochondrial DNA inheritance in bivalves |
-doubly uniparental inheritance |
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Main characteristics of plastids |
-circular double stranded DNA -have RNA polymerase and prokaryotic ribosomes |
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What is a plastid? |
-double membrane organelle found mainly in plant and algal cells -site of manufacturing/storage of important chemical compounds -contain pigments (used in photosynthesis) |
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Proplastids and Etioplastids |
-Pro: small, colourless, found in actively dividing cells of shoots/roots -Etio: develop from pro in absence of light (found in embryo - develop into chloroplasts once exposed to light) |
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Chloroplasts |
-have chlorophyll -site of photosynthesis -Grana Stroma |
