Module 4: Tissues

Front 1

Epithelial Tissue (1)

Back 1

- Fit together by tight junctions and desmosomes

- Supporting sheet at inferior epithelium is basal lamina (noncellular, selective barrier)

Front 2

Epithelial Tissue (2)

Back 2

- Sits on connective tissue

- No nerve supply

- Does not have its own blood supply

- Damaged cells replaced very quickly

Front 3

Apical Surface

Back 3

- Free/Open

- Most have microvilli

Front 4

Simple Squamous Tissue

Back 4

- One layer of flat cells

- Air sacs in the lungs

- Diffusion of O2 and CO2

Front 5

Stratified Squamous Tissue

Back 5

- Multiple layers of epithelial cells, top layer squamous

- Epidermis of the skin

- Protection

Front 6

Simple Cuboidal Tissue

Back 6

- One layer of cube-shaped cells

- Kidney tubules

- Absorption and secretion

Front 7

Stratified Cuboidal Tissue

Back 7

- Multiple layers of epithelial cells, top layer is cuboidal

- Sweat and mammary glands

- Protection

Front 8

Simple Columnar Tissue

Back 8

- One layer of tall cells

- Digestive tract

- Absorption of nutrients and secretion of mucus

Front 9

Stratified Columnar Tissue

Back 9

- Multiple layers of epithelial cells, top layer is columnar

- Pharynx and male urethra

- Protection and secretion

Front 10

Pseudo-stratified Columnar Tissue

Back 10

- One layer of tall cells that appear to be in layers because some cells do not reach the apical surface

- Trachea

- Secretion of mucus

Front 11

Transitional Tissue

Back 11

- Multiple layers of various cell shapes. Bottom Cuboidal/Columnar. Top squamous

- Lining of the urinary bladder

Front 12

Exocrine Glands

Back 12

- Into a free surface from a duct

- e.g., sweat, spit

Front 13

Endocrine Glands

Back 13

- Ductless

- Secreted directly into the surrounding tissues and blood

- Secretions are hormones

Front 14

Connective Tissue

Back 14

- Common embryonic origin

- Has blood supply

- Has specialized cells (e.g., plasma cells, or macrophages)

- Has extracellular matrix (extracellular protein fibers [e.g., collagen fibers] and ground substance [e.g., in liquid, gel-like, or solid])

Front 15

Extracellular Protein Fiber: Collagen Fibers

Back 15

- Flexible and strong.

- The most abundant protein in the body.

- Found in bone cartilage

Front 16

Extracellular Protein Fiber: Elastic Fibers

Back 16

- Made of protein elastin.

- Not as strong as collagen, but can stretch

- Found in the skin, walls of blood vessels, and lung tissue

Front 17

Extracellular Protein Fiber: Reticular Fibers

Back 17

- Composed of collagen but arranged differently

- Thin/provides an excellent framework for soft organs such as glands and lymph nodes

Front 18

Loose Connective Tissue

Back 18

- Loose connective tissue consists mostly of loosely packed fibers in its matrix

Front 19

Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar Tissue

Back 19

- Most widely dispersed

- Found beneath epithelial tissues/ in cavities/between muscles.

- Binds organs together giving strength, elasticity, and support

Front 20

Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose Tissue

Back 20

- Fat tissue

- Found under the skin/ around the kidneys/ within the abdomen + kidneys.

- Provides protection, insulation, support, and a place to store energy

Front 21

Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular Tissue

Back 21

- Network of branching fibres is found in the spleen/ lymph nodes/ bone marrow.

- Defends the body by filtering out microorganisms and other substances

Front 22

Dense Connective Tissue

Back 22

Dense connective tissue consists mostly of densely packed fibers in its matrix

Front 23

Dense Connective Tissue: Dense Regular Tissue

Back 23

- Tendons and ligaments.

- Provides tensile strength/ flexibility for anchoring muscles to bones (tendons) and bones to bones (ligaments)

Front 24

Dense Connective Tissue: Dense Irregular Tissue

Back 24

- Forms the dermis (inner skin layer)

- Forms the outer layer of kidney/ spleen.

- Withstands stresses applied from any direction

Front 25

Dense Connective Tissue: Elastic Tissue

Back 25

- Found in the walls of arteries.

- Provides strength with stretching

Front 26

Cartilage Tissue

Back 26

- Tough/ flexible - High water content.

- Lacks nerve fibres and is avascular

- Healing of this tissue slow.

- Only specialized cells in cartilage are chondrocytes.

Front 27

Cartilage Tissue: Hyaline

Back 27

-Most abundant cartilage

- Found in the ends of long bones/ larynx/ nose/ between the sternum and the ribs.

- Provides support with flexibility and absorbs shock in joints

Front 28

Cartilage Tissue: Fibrocartilage

Back 28

- Found in the intervertebral discs/ knees/ between pubic bones

- Provides protection and cushions body parts

Front 29

Cartilage Tissue: Elastic

Back 29

- Found in the external ear and the epiglottis.

- Provides support and a framework

Front 30

Bone Tissue

Back 30

- Called osseous tissue.

- Consists of bone cells that are embedded in a hard matrix of calcium and salts

Front 31

Blood Tissue

Back 31

- Called vascular connective tissue.

- Consists of blood cells in a fluid matrix called plasma.

Front 32

Membranes

Back 32

- Thin sheets of tissue.

- Serous membranes line the ventral body cavities, which are not open to the exterior of the body

- Serous fluid reduces friction when organs in the thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity move against each other or the cavity wall

Front 33

Serous Membrane: Pleura

Back 33

Lines the lungs

Front 34

Serous Membrane: Pericardium

Back 34

Lines the heart

Front 35

Serous Membrane: Peritoneum

Back 35

Lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 36

Nervous Tissue

Back 36

- Conducts electrical impulses rapidly - Convey information one region to another.

- Composed of two types of cells: neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)

Front 37

Muscle Tissue

Back 37

- Muscle cells (muscle fibres) contain protein microfilaments called actin and myosin. - Muscles contract when these protein molecules interact, accounting for body movements.

Front 38

Muscle Tissue: Skeletal Muscle

Back 38

- Called striated voluntary muscle

- Attached to bones of the skeleton

- Moves body parts

- Under voluntary control

- Appears striated (striped)

- Fastest contraction

Front 39

Muscle Tissue: Smooth Muscle

Back 39

- Called non-striated involuntary muscle

- Found in internal organs/ blood vessels

- Under involuntary control

- Appear smooth/not striated

- Contractions slower than skeletal but remain contracted for longer

Front 40

Muscle Tissue: Cardiac Muscle

Back 40

- Called striated involuntary muscle

- Found only in the heart

- Resembles skeletal muscle but behaves like smooth muscle

- Involuntary control

- Pacemaker cells provide a regular rate of contraction

Front 41

Tissue Repair: Regeneration

Back 41

- Replacement of tissue by cells that are identical to the original cells.

- Occurs in tissues whose cells undergo replication (i.e., mitosis.)

Front 42

Tissue Repair: Fibrosis

Back 42

Replacement of injured tissue by the formation of fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)

- Scar tissue is very strong but it lacks flexibility and elasticity; it is not able to carry out normal functions of the tissue it has replaced