Tissues

Front 1

Tight Junctions

Back 1

Formed by the fusion of the outermost layers of the plasma membranes of adjoining cells near apical surface.
Found in tissues in which there can be no leaks (urinary bladder, digestive tract).

Front 2

Desmosones

Back 2

Mechanical coupling formed by filaments that interlock with one another
Tonofilaments extend from the plaque into the cytoplasm.
Found in places of extreme stretching (skin, heart, uterus).

Front 3

Gap Junctions

Back 3

Tubular channel proteins (connexons) that extend from the cytoplasm of one cell to another.
Allows exchange and passage of ions and nutrients.
Found in intestinal epithelial cells, the heart, and smooth muscle tissue.

Front 4

Basil Lamina

Back 4

Mesh work of fibers that cements the epithelial cell to the underlying connective tissue aka Basement Membrane.
Helps prevent cell from being torn off by intraluminal pressures.

Front 5

Microvilli

Back 5

Increase surface area of intestine cells for absorption.

Front 6

Cillia

Back 6

Tiny hairlike projections from cells in respiratory tract.
Movement moves protective mucus up and out of airway.

Front 7

Epithelial Tissue

Back 7

Composed of sheets of cells that cover and line other tissues, various sub-types.
May absorb secrete or excrete biochemical substances.
-usually linings of cavities or coverings of glands, internal and external surfaces
Are Polar: Apical surface faces the lumen or outside of the organ, Basal surface faces the basal lamina and blood vessels.
Are avascular.
Are innervated.

Front 8

Connective Tissue

Back 8

Supports, protects and holds organs and tissues in place, provides a transport systems for nutrients and waste, stores energy reserves as fat, and contributes to healing.
Components: ground substance, extracellular fibers, cells.

Front 9

Muscle Tissue

Back 9

Composed of actin and myosin fibers. Responsible for organized movement within the body.
Three types: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac.

Front 10

Nervous Tissue

Back 10

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Composed of two types: Neurons; longest cells in the body, generate and conducts nerve impulses, Neuroglia; support the neurons.

Front 11

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Back 11

Found in ducts associated with hollow tubes, areas of secretion and absorption.
shape: usually simple
found exp: exocrine glands, salivary glands, pancreas, sweat glands

Front 12

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Back 12

The cells absorb nutrients (from the small and large intestine. Have microvilli on top to aid in absorption and increase surface area
shape: tall, narrow cells simple
found: small intestine, large intestine and digestive glands

Front 13

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Back 13

Has active cilia on top of the cells which aid in moving mucus up into the throat.
Works with goblet cells (produce mucus)- mucociliary transport system
shape: appears stratified but simple
found: respiratory tract

Front 14

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Back 14

Delicate and thin, found lining surfaces involved in the passage of either gas or liquid areas of diffusion (alveoli), osmosis (capillaries) and filtration (kidneys).
shape: flat hexagonal, simple
found: paratial pleura, visceral pleura, paratieal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum

Front 15

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Back 15

Designed for protection- very thick
shape: stratified
found: skin and were skin has contact with internal structures (ear, eye, vaginal canal, rectum, mucous membranes)
also regulate body temp., sensory/afferent info to the brain, excretion, vitamin D synthesis

Front 16

Stratified Cuboidial Epithelium

Back 16

Protects underlying tissue, usually two layers of cells.
found: along large excretory ducts, salivary glands.

Front 17

Transitional Epithelium

Back 17

Has ability to stretch, found in areas of the body required to expand and contract as part of their normal function.
A basal layer of cubodial or columnar cells and a superficial layer of cuboidial or squamous cells.
shape: stratified
found: only in ureters, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra.

Front 18

Glandular Epithelium

Back 18

Synthesizes enzymes, Has ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion.
found: makes up all glands, endocrine and exocrine
-acini- the termination of a duct lined by glandular epithelium

Front 19

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Back 19

Function in secretion and protection.
found: only in select parts of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems and along some excretory ducts.

Front 20

Blood Tissue

Back 20

Specialized connective tissue that circulates.
Matrix: Ground substance, plasma. Fibrous components, protein.
Cells: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes.
Carries nutrients to tissues (oxygen) and waist away (CO2).

Front 21

Endocrine Gland

Back 21

Glands that do not have ducts or tubules and whose secretions are distributed throughout the body.
Produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream or the lymphatic system.
Part of a complex, biochemical network.

Front 22

Exocrine Gland

Back 22

Discharge secretions via ducts directly into local areas (except for goblet cells).
Unicellular or multicellular.

Front 23

Goblet Cell

Back 23

Unicellular exocrine gland, ductless and composed of modified columnar epithelial cell.
Secrete the protein mucin.
found: among columnar cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts and the conjunctiva of the eye.

Front 24

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

Back 24

Composed of a secretory unit and duct surrounded by connective tissue rich in blood and nerve fibers.
Serous secretions are watery and contain high concentrations of enzymes.
Mucous secretions are thick and viscous composed of glycoproteins.
Merocrine- Exocytosis to secrete (unscented sweat).
Apocrine- Partial cell sacrifice (smelly sweat).
Holocrine- Total cell sacrifice (sebaceous oily).

Front 25

Ground Substance of connective tissue

Back 25

Medium through which cells exchange nutrients and waste.
Acts to protect the more delicate cells it envelops and serves as an obstacle for invading microorganisms.
Amorphous, homogeneous material ranging in textures from a liquid or gel to a calcified solid.

Front 26

Collagenous Fibers

Back 26

Extracellular fiber component of connective tissue.
Strong, thick strands of collagen, organized into bundles of long, parallel fibrils composed of bundled microfibrils.
Variable density and arrangement of fibers.
found: tendons and ligaments also known as white fibers.

Front 27

Reticular Fibers

Back 27

Extracellular fiber component of connective tissue.
Thin, delicate, branched networks of collagen provide support for highly cellular organs.
found: endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver, also around blood vessels, nerves, muscle fibers, and capillaries.

Front 28

Elastic Fibers

Back 28

Extracellular fiber component of connective tissue.
Branched networks composed primarily of the protein elastin.
Composed of coiled bundles of microfibrils.
found: in tissues commonly subjected to stretching, vocal cords, lungs, skin, and walls of blood vessels.

Front 29

Cells of connective tissue

Back 29

Fixed cells: involved in production and maintenance of the matrix (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, reticular cells).
Transient (Wandering) cells: involved in repair and protection of tissues (leukocytes, mast cells [histamine], macrophages).

Front 30

Areolar Connective Tissue

Back 30

Loose connective tissue proper.
Fibers and cells suspended in a thick translucent ground substance.
Predominant cell is fibroblast: manufactures the elastic, reticular, and collagenous fibers.
Surrounds every organ, forms the SQ layer that connects the skin to muscle, envelopes blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes; present in all mucous membranes.

Front 31

Adipose Connective Tissue

Back 31

Loose connective tissue proper.
Areolar tissue in which adipocytes predominates, highly vascular.
Acts as an energy storehouse and thermal insulator.
Brown fat: thermal regulation
White fat: stores energy

Front 32

Reticular Connective Tissue

Back 32

Loose connective tissue proper.
Network of thin reticular fibers, loosley arranged and many fibroblasts suspended in a supportive ground substance.
Forms the stroma (framework for all the organs).

Front 33

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Back 33

Composed of tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers, relatively avascular.
Makes up the tendons and ligaments.
Can be found in fascial sheets that cover muscles.

Front 34

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Back 34

Composed primarily of collagen fibers arranged in thick bundles, fibers are interwoven to form a single sheet.
Found in the dermis of the skin and in the fibrous coverings of many organs, forms the tough capsule of joints.

Front 35

Cartilage

Back 35

Specialized connective tissue found in joints and in the ear, nose and vocal cords.
Forms a framework on which bone is formed.
No innervation, avascular.
Cells: chondrocytes, live in hollowed-out pockets in the matrix called lacunae.
Matrix: ground substance, gel of chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and chondronectin. Collagen fibers are most commonly found in the matrix, but elastic fibers are also present in varying amounts.

Front 36

Hyaline Cartilage

Back 36

Most commonly type of cartilage found in the body, composed of closely packed collagen.
Found in joints at the ends of long bones, growth plates of long bones, tracheal rings, and connections of the ribs to the sternum.
Composes most of the embryonic skeleton.
Enclosed within a perichondruim.
Most rigid cartilage.

Front 37

Elastic Cartilage

Back 37

Contains elastic fibers in dense branching bundles, flexible can withstand repeated bending.
Found in the epiglottis of the larynx and in pinnae of ears of animals.

Front 38

Fibrocartilage

Back 38

Usually found merged with hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue.
Contains thick bundles of collagen fibers with fewer chondrocytes than hyaline cartilage.
Lacks a perichondrium
Found in spaces between vertebrae of the spine, between bones in the pelvic girdle, and in the knee joint.

Front 39

Elastic Connective Tissue

Back 39

Primarily composed of elastic fibers, may be arranged parallel or in interwoven patterns with fibroblasts and collagenous fibers interspersed.
Found in spaces between vertebrae and in areas of the body that require stretching, walls of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder, ect.

Front 40

Bone Tissue

Back 40

Specialized connective tissue.
Matrix is a combination of organic collagen fibers and inorganic calcium salts, well vascularized.
Haversian Canal: contains both a vascular and a nerve supply.
Canaliculi: channels within the matrix support passage of blood vessels into deeper tissues.
Osteoblasts manufacture the fibers that are part of the matrix (lacunae and canaliculi are created as the osteoblasts create bony matrix). Osteocytes reside in lacunae (cellular extensions pass through the canaliculi). Osteoclasts take up old, damaged bone tissue to be recycled.

Front 41

Fixed Cells

Back 41

Not able to move.
Exp. osteoblasts

Front 42

Wandering/Transient Cells

Back 42

Able to move through tissues.
Exp. Mast Cells, Leukocytes

Front 43

Diapedesis

Back 43

The outward passage of leukocytes cells through intact vessel walls. The leukocytes secrete proteases that degrade the basement membrane, allowing them to escape the blood vessel.

Front 44

Mucous Membranes

Back 44

Mucosae, line organs with connections to the outside environment (mouth, intestines, nasal passages, etc.)
Usually composed of either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium covering a layer of loose connective tissue.
Submucosa: connective tissue layer that connects the mucosa to underlying structures.
May contain goblet cells or multicellular glands which can produce large quantities of mucus.
Some mucosae also can absorb nutrients (exp. the epithelial layer in the intestine).

Front 45

Mucus

Back 45

Consists primarily of water, electrolytes, and the protein mucin.

Front 46

Serous Membranes

Back 46

Serosae, line walls and cover organs of body cavities (exp. thorax and abdominopelvic cavities.
Consists of a continuous sheet doubled over on itself to form two layers.

Front 47

Parietal Layer

Back 47

The portion of the serous membrane that lines the cavity wall.

Front 48

Visceral Layer

Back 48

The portion of the serous membrane that cover the outer surface of the organ.

Front 49

Mesenteries

Back 49

Areas of the abdominopelvic cavity where visceral layers of serosa merge.

Front 50

Cutaneous Membrane

Back 50

Integument or skin.
Composed of an outer keratinized stratified squamous epithelium or epidermis.
Epidermis is attached to an underlying layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the dermis.

Front 51

Dermis

Back 51

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue on which the epidermis is attached.
Contains collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers which enable skin to be both strong and elastic.

Front 52

Synovial Membranes

Back 52

Lines the cavities of joints.
Composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue covered by a layer of collagen fibers and fibroblasts.
Manufacture the synovial fluid that fills the joint spaces.

Front 53

Skeletal Muscle

Back 53

Large cells that contain hundreds of nuclei and mitochondria.
Voluntary muscle.
Skeletal muscles are striated, cells are bundles of fibers held together by loose connective tissue.
The collagen fibers that surround the cells merge with the collagen fibers in tendons (which connect to bone).

Front 54

Smooth Muscle

Back 54

Composed of small, spindle shaped cells that lack striations.
Involuntary muscle.
Found in the walls of hollow organs, in exocrine glands, and along the respiratory tract. Responsible for peristalsis in gastrointestinal tract, constriction of blood vessels, and emptying of urinary bladder.

Front 55

Cardiac Muscle

Back 55

Found only in the heart. Contains specialized pacemaker cells that supply signal for the heart to contract at regular intervals.
Entirely involuntary and striated.
Cardiac muscle cells connect to one another via intercalated discs.
Does not regenerate.

Front 56

Perikaryon

Back 56

Nerve cell body, contains the nucleus.

Front 57

Dentrites

Back 57

Short cytoplasmic extensions of a nerve cell, receives impulses.

Front 58

Axons

Back 58

Long, single extension of a nerve cell, conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.

Front 59

Inflammation

Back 59

Body's initial response to injuries to limit further damage and eliminate any harmful agents.
Steps: Vasodilation, Swelling, Clot formation, Phagocytosis, Capillaries return to normal size, blood flow and fluid leakage into the affected area abate.

Front 60

Tissue Repair

Back 60

Formation and organization of granulation tissue, regeneration of lost tissue, epithelialization, and formation of scar tissue.

Front 61

Granulation Tissue

Back 61

Tissue that forms beneath the overlying blood clot or scab.
Composed of a layer of collagen fibers infiltrated with capillaries (that have branched off existing capillaries in deeper layers of damaged tissue: capillary migration). Eventually is replaced by fiberous scar tissue.

Front 62

Epithelialization

Back 62

The proliferation of new epithelium into an area devoid of it but that naturally is covered by it.

Front 63

First Intention Wound Healing

Back 63

Edges of wound held in close apposition. Skin forms a primary union without formation of granulation tissue or significant scarring.

Front 64

Second Intention Wound Healing

Back 64

Edges of wound seperated from each other. Granulation tissue forms to close gap; scarring results.

Front 65

Third Intention Wound Healing

Back 65

Contaminated wound left open until contamination is reduced and inflammation subsides; later closed by first intention, also called delayed primary closure.