Module 19 11-15

Front 1

If the GRF is too low,

Back 1

there is a buildup of waste products in the blood

Front 2

if the grf is too high, the

Back 2

tubulues may not have adequate time to reabsorb essential nutrients allowing them to be lost in the urine

Front 3

to maintain an appropriate GFR, the body uses three mechanisms

Back 3

renal autoregulation, neural regulation, hormonal regulation

Front 4

if positive net filtration is infuenced most by renal blood pressure,

Back 4

the GFR would fluctuate dramatically throughout the day with sleep exercise, anxiety

Front 5

to keep GFR constant in these situations (sleep, exercise, anxiety), the kidneys can adjust what

this is called

Back 5

bp in and out of the glomerulus by constricting or dilating the afferent and efferent arteriols.

meogenic mechanism

Front 6

if the blood pressure is high, the afferent arteriole can

Back 6

constrict to reduce blood flow to the glomerulus and reduce GFR

Front 7

tubuloglomerular feedback

Back 7

macula densa detects increased Na and Cl and water, decreased release of nitric oxiide resulting in vasoconstriction

Front 8

tubulaoglomerular feedback controled by

Back 8

juxtaglomerular aparatus

Front 9

if electrolytes and water show up in distal tubules of nephron in large amounts, it is likely due to

Back 9

an increased GFR

Front 10

to minimize water and electrolyte loss,

Back 10

jga or juxtaglomerular apparatus inhibits the release of gaseous neurotransmitter nitric oxide.

Front 11

nitric oxide does what

Back 11

relaxes smooth muscle and is a potent vasodilator

Front 12

with less NO or nitric oxid present

Back 12

the arteriols will constrict and decrease the GFR therby increasing the time to reabsorb electorlytes and water

Front 13

renal blood vessels are mainly cotnrolled by the

Back 13

sympathetic nervous system

Front 14

what release from sympathetic post ganglionic neurons causes both the afferent and efferent arteriols to constrict?

Back 14

norepinephrine

Front 15

with greater release of norepniephrine, there is greater

Back 15

constriction of the afferent arteriole, therfore less bloodflow tothe glomerulus and the lower GFR

Front 16

two main hormones contribute to GFR

Back 16

angiotensin II, and atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 17

antiotensin II is a

Back 17

potent vasocnstrictor of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Front 18

w/ increased amounts of angiotensin II,

Back 18

gfr will degrease

Front 19

atrial natriuretic peptide or ANP is produced by

Back 19

cells of the atria of the heart in response to increased blood vol

Front 20

ANP causes cells w/in the glomerulus to

Back 20

relax and dilates the afferent arterioles

Front 21

the end result of ANP is

Back 21

increase of GFR which promontes water and electorlyte dumping in the urine

Front 22

what is blood minus the formed elements and the majority of the plasma protiens

Back 22

glomerular filtrate

Front 23

normally what percent of plasma in the afferent arterilols is filtrate

Back 23

16-20

Front 24

through the process of filtration, an average of how much of golerular filtrate is produced per day

Back 24

180 L

Front 25

process of returing important substances from the glomerular filtrate back to the body

Back 25

tubular peabsorption

Front 26

how much filtrate is reabsorbed

Back 26

99%

Front 27

the solutes in blood pass through the glomerular membrane based on what

Back 27

size rather than what it actually is

Front 28

what transport mechanisms are utilized to facilitate this massive reabsorption

Back 28

osmosis, active transport, diffusion, facilitated difusion

Front 29

a substance can be reabsorbed from teh filrate through one of two routs

Back 29

between the renal tubule cells, or through the renal tubule cells

Front 30

paracellular reabsorption is rout between

Back 30

the renal tubule cells

Front 31

transcellular reabsorpiton

Back 31

routes through the renal tubule cells

Front 32

for trancellular reabsorption to take place,

Back 32

the substance must cross the apical membrane of the tubule cell, pass throught he cytoplasm, and enter into the intersitial fluid by crossing the basolateral membrane

Front 33

each transport protein has a

Back 33

transport speed limit, refferend to as the transport maximum

Front 34

the presence of solute above transport max limit will result in

Back 34

excretion of the excess solute in the urine

Front 35

to maintain osmotic balance,

Back 35

water will follow solute, resulting ind diuresis

Front 36

the majority of solute and water reabsorption occurs in the

Back 36

proximal convoluted tubule

65% of water, na, k,

100% of glucose, aas

50% of urea

Front 37

to max reabsorption capacity,

Back 37

cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are cuboidal epitelium with prominent microvilli

Front 38

trapnsort proteins are present on the surfaces of

Back 38

cells to actively reabsorb many of the solutes

Front 39

each type of transporter has a

Back 39

limit to how fast it can reabsorb a particlular solute (transport max or Tm)

Front 40

all water reabsorbed in kidneys is controled by

Back 40

osmosis

Front 41

obligatory reabsorption of water occurs as

Back 41

water follows solutes

Front 42

all the water reabsorption from teh filtrate occurs because of

Back 42

osmosis, so as soluteds are reabsorbed, water follows

Front 43

most water reabsorption takes place in

Back 43

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 44

obligatory reabsorption occurs for what % of water reabsorption

Back 44

90%

Front 45

facultative reabsorption of water occurs because the

Back 45

body is trying to respond to a specific need. occurs due to osmosis but uses antidiuretic hormone ADH also

Front 46

adh acts on cells in the

Back 46

distal convoluted tubule and especially the collecting ducts

Front 47

facultative reabosrption accoulds for what percent of water reabsorption

Back 47

10%

Front 48

tubular secretion is the process of

Back 48

removing a substance from the blood and secreting it into the tubular lumen to be excreted with the urine

Front 49

tubular secretion occurs throughout the

Back 49

nephron

Front 50

function of tubular secretion

Back 50

secretion of hydrogen ions contorls pH,

hyrogen and ammonium ions are secreted and bicarbonate conserved to maintaion physiological pH