Mnemonics-03

Front 1

Rate determine enzymes: De novo pyrimidine synthesis

Back 1

Aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase)

Front 2

Rate determine enzymes: De novo purine synthesis

Back 2

Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase

Front 3

Rate determine enzymes: Glycolysis

Back 3

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

Front 4

Rate determine enzymes: Gluconeogenesis

Back 4

Pyruvate carboxylase

Front 5

Rate determine enzymes: TCA cycle

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Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Front 6

Rate determine enzymes: Glycogen synthesis

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Glycogen synthase

Front 7

Rate determine enzymes: Glycogenolysis

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Glycogen phosphorylase

Front 8

Rate determine enzymes: HMP shunt

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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

Front 9

Rate determine enzymes: Fatty acid synthesis

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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)

Front 10

Rate determine enzymes: Fatty acid oxidation

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Carnitine acyltransferase I

Front 11

Rate determine enzymes: Ketogenesis

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HMG-CoA synthase

Front 12

Rate determine enzymes: Cholesterol synthesis

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HMG-CoA reductase

Front 13

Rate determine enzymes: Heme synthesis

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ALA synthase

Front 14

Rate determine enzymes: Urea cycle

Back 14

Carbamoyl phosphate synthase I

Front 15

enzyme deficiency: Lead poisoning

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Ferrochelatase and δ-ALA dehydratase (Coproporphyrin and δ-ALA accumulate)

Front 16

enzyme deficiency: Acute intermittent porphyria

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Porphobilinogen deaminase (Porphobilinogen and δ-ALA accumulate)

Front 17

enzyme deficiency: Porphyria cutanea tarda

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Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (Uroporphyrin (tea-colored) accumulates)

Front 18

enzyme deficiency: Fabry’s disease

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α-galactosidase A (Ceramide trihexoside accumulates)

Front 19

enzyme deficiency: Gaucher’s disease

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β-glucocerebrosidase (Glucocerebroside accumulates)

Front 20

enzyme deficiency: Niemann-Pick disease

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Sphingomyelinase Sphingomyelin accumulates)

Front 21

enzyme deficiency: Tay-Sachs disease

Back 21

Hexosaminidase A (GM2 ganglioside accumulates)

Front 22

enzyme deficiency: Von Gierke’s disease

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Glucose-6-phosphatase

Front 23

enzyme deficiency: Pompe’s disease

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Lysosomal α-1,4-glucosidase (acid maltase)

Front 24

enzyme deficiency: Cori’s disease

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Debranching enzyme α-1,6-glucosidase

Front 25

enzyme deficiency: McArdle’s disease

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Skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase

Front 26

enzyme deficiency: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

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HGPRT

Front 27

enzyme deficiency: Hyperammonemia (hereditary)

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ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency

Front 28

enzyme deficiency: Galactosemia

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galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (Galactose and galactitol accumulates)

Front 29

enzyme deficiency: Galactokinase deficiency

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galactosemia and galactosuria

Front 30

enzyme deficiency: Fructose intolerance

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aldolase B (Fructose-1-phosphate accumulates, inhibition of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.)

Front 31

enzyme deficiency: Essential fructosuria

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fructokinase (fructose appears in blood and urine.)

Front 32

enzyme deficiency: I-cell disease

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failure of addition of mannose-6-phosphate to lysosome proteins.

Front 33

Thiamine is required as cofactor

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1. Transketolase; 2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase; 3. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Front 34

Biotin is required as cofactor

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1. Pyruvate → oxaloacetate (Pyruvate carboxylase) ; 2. Acetyl-CoA → malonyl-CoA; 3. Propionyl-CoA → methylmalonyl-CoA

Front 35

Kwashiorkor

Back 35

results from a protein-deficient MEAL: Malnutrition, Edema, Anemia, Liver (fatty).

Front 36

Drugs that act on microtubules

Back 36

1. Mebendazole/thiabendazole(antihelminthic); 2. Paclitaxel (Taxol)(anti–breast cancer); 3. Griseofulvin (antifungal); 4. Vincristine/vinblastine (anti-cancer); 5. Colchicine (anti-gout)

Front 37

brain lesion: Lentiform nucleus

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(globus pallidus and putamen) Wilson disease

Front 38

brain lesion: internal capsule

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perforating aeteris are obstructed (lacunar infarcts).

Front 39

brain lesion: thalamus

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thalamus syndrome: post-stroke pain

Front 40

exotoxin: Clottridium perfringens

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Lecithinase (Phospholipase C). Degrades membrane phospholipids (including lecithin). Causes gas gangrene

Front 41

exotoxin: C. diphtheriae

Back 41

AB-extotoxin. Ribosylates and inactivates elongation factor-2 (EF-2).

Front 42

exotoxin: Shigella, EHEC

Back 42

shiga toxin and shiga-like toxin. Cause inactivation of the 60s ribosomal subunits.

Front 43

exotoxin: Bordetella pertussis

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Pertussis toxin. AB exotoxin stimulates intracellular G-proteins to increase cAMP production, leading to increased insulin production, lymphocye and neutrophil dysfunction, and increased sensitivity to histamine.

Front 44

exotoxin: Group A streptococcal (GAS)

Back 44

antigenic mimicry. Cardiac myocytes share similar antigenic protein sequences, causes rheumatic fever.

Front 45

tricyclic antidepressants side effects

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1. anticholinergic (urinary retention); 2. antagonism of alpha-adrenergic receptors (orthostatic hypotension); 3. Cardiac arrhythmias (prolongation of QT interval); 4. blockade of histamine receptors (sedation).

Front 46

anatomic location: serotonin

Back 46

brainstem raphe nuclei

Front 47

anatomic location: NE

Back 47

nucleus ceruleus at dorsal pons.

Front 48

nucleus basalis of Meynert

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houses the cell bodies of cholingergic neurons. Alzheimer disease related.

Front 49

red nucleus

Back 49

at anterior midbrain. Participate in motor coordination of the upper extremities.

Front 50

caudate nucleus

Back 50

form striatum with putamen. Functions in motor activities. Huntington's disease related.

Front 51

HIV patients CMV infection

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retinitis. CD4+ cell<100 /mm3

Front 52

HIV patients Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection

Back 52

large cell, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL).

Front 53

HIV patients human papilloma virus (HPV) infection

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anal and cervical Squamous cell carcinoma. (type 16, 18, 31)

Front 54

Side effects: Chloramphenicol

Back 54

dose-dependent and dose-independent aplastic anemia

Front 55

Side effects: Clindamycin

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pseudomembranous colitis.

Front 56

Side effects: gentamycin

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vestibular arod cochlear ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neuromuscular paralysis (with large dose or intrapleural administration).

Front 57

Side effects:vancomycin

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Rapid administration of vancomycin can cause histamine relase, which results in flushing (red man syndrome"). dose-related ototoxicity.

Front 58

absolute contraindications to the use of OCPs

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1. prior history of thromboembolic event or storke. 2. History of an estrogen-dependent tumor; 3. Women >35 who smoke heavily; 4. hypertriglyceridemia; 5. Decompensated or active liver disease; 6. pregenacy.

Front 59

funtion of interferon in virus infection

Back 59

stimulating neighbouring cells to synthesize antiviral proteins that impair viral protein synthesis.

Front 60

impaired DNA repair disorders

Back 60

1. xeroderma pigmentosum (can repair UV light damaged DNA by excision); 2. Fanconi anemia (AR, hypersensitive to DNA cross-linking agents); 3. Bloom syndrome (AR, hypersensitivity to UV damage and chemotherapeutic agents); 4. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is caused by a defective MSH2 gene leading to defective mismatch repair; 5. Ataxia telangiectasia.

Front 61

Virus with segmented genomes

Back 61

1. Reovirus (rotavirus, reovirus); 2. orthomyxovirus; 3. arenavirus (LMCV, Lassa fever encephalitis); 4. Bunyavirus;

Front 62

HIV pol gene

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encodes reverse transcriptase

Front 63

HIV env gene

Back 63

encodes gp160 which is cleaved into envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41.

Front 64

HIV gag gene

Back 64

encodes group-specific antigens in the virion core such as nucleocapsid proteins p24 and p7.

Front 65

HIV tat gene

Back 65

encodes a protein that transcriptionally activates other viral genes. It contributes to the virulence of HIV

Front 66

HIV rev gene

Back 66

encodes a protein that facilitates transport of unspliced viral transcripts out of the nucleus.

Front 67

HIV nef gene

Back 67

enchance viral replicaiton through downreculation of CD4 and MHC-I expression

Front 68

entacapone

Back 68

peripheral Catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) inhibitor. Used with levodopa for Parkinson disease. Tolcapone is another COMT inhibitor with a central effect.

Front 69

mitochondria diseases

Back 69

Heteroplasmy in clinical variability. 1. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, leads to bilateral vision loss. 2. Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers: myoclonic seizures and myopathy associated with exercise. Skeletal muscle biopsy shows irregularly shaped muscle fibers (ragged red fibers). 3. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like espisodes (MELAS).

Front 70

increase serum uric acid levels

Back 70

niacin, thiazides, cyclosporine, pyrazinamide

Front 71

durgs cause myopathy

Back 71

stains, fibrate, niacin, hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, colchicine, interferon alpha, penicillamine

Front 72

ApoA-I

Back 72

Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), deficiencies result in low HDL and increased circulating free cholestrol levels.

Front 73

ApoB-48

Back 73

Chylomicron assembly and secretion by the intestine

Front 74

ApoB-100

Back 74

LDL particle uptake by extraheptic cells

Front 75

ApoC-II

Back 75

lipoprotein lipase activation. Deficiency results in hyperchylomicronemia

Front 76

ApoE-3 & -4

Back 76

VLDL and chylomicron remnant uptake by liver cells

Front 77

Patients in CGD are at increased risk for infection caused by

Back 77

S. aures, Pseudomonas cepacia (Burkholderia cepacia), Serratia marcescens, Nocardia species, Aspergillus Species.

Front 78

lab test: liver function

Back 78

prothrombin time, bilirubin, albumin, cholestrol

Front 79

lab test: structral integrity and cellur intactness of live

Back 79

transaminase (ALT, AST)

Front 80

lab test: biliary tract

Back 80

alkaline phosphatase, y-glutaryl transferase

Front 81

antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

Back 81

in SLE, due to lupus anticoagulant. With VDRL test positive. 1) venous thromboembolism; 2) arterial thromboembolism; 3) increase fetal loss.

Front 82

dopaminergic systems: Mesolimbic-mesocortical

Back 82

regulates behavior; schizophrenia

Front 83

dopaminergic systems: nigrostraital

Back 83

coordination of voluntary movement; Parkinsonism

Front 84

dopaminergic systems: Tuberoinfundibular

Back 84

controls prolactin secretion; hyperprolactinemia

Front 85

lab test: cryoglobulins

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HCV infection

Front 86

lab test: hemadsorption

Back 86

some influenz and parainfluenza viruses infection.

Front 87

lab test: Tzank smear

Back 87

HSV, VZV infection

Front 88

bacteria culture: Bordet-Gengou medium

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Bordetella pertussis

Front 89

bacteria culture: cysteine-tellurite medium

Back 89

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Front 90

side effect: Gatifloxacin

Back 90

hypoglycemia

Front 91

E. Coli strain does not ferment sorbitol and does not produce glucuronidase

Back 91

O157:H7 Shig-like toxin producing E. Coli (EHEC) which can lead to HUS

Front 92

Bacteria that produce toxins capable of activating adenylate cyclase

Back 92

1. B. pertussis (Pertussis toxin); 2. B. anthracis (Edema toxin); 3. ETEC (Heat labile toxin); 4. Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni enerotoxin); 5. Bacillus cereus (Heart labile enterotoxin); 6. V. cholerae (Choleragen toxin).

Front 93

Bacteria that produce toxins capable of activating guanylate cyclase

Back 93

1. ETEC (Heat stable toxin); 2. Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica enerotoxin)

Front 94

Bacteria that produce toxins capable of inactivating elongation factor-2 (EF-2)

Back 94

1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphthera toxin); 2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Exotoxin A).

Front 95

Bacteria that produce toxins capable of disrupting cytoskeleton

Back 95

Clostridium difficile (Toxin B, Cytotoxin)

Front 96

diabetes, necrolytic erythema and anemia

Back 96

glucagonoma

Front 97

NMDA receptor antagonist

Back 97

Ketamine

Front 98

NMDA receptor angonist

Back 98

glutamate, involved in learning and memory

Front 99

bacterial infection leading to Guillain-Barré syndrome

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Campylobacter jejuni

Front 100

drug metabolization: phase II N-acetylation in the liver

Back 100

hydralazine, procainamide,

Front 101

drug metabolization: phase II liver sulfate conjugation

Back 101

phenol, chloramphenicol

Front 102

drug metabolization: liver hydroxylation (P450)

Back 102

pentobarbital

Front 103

drug metabolization: phase I liver hydrolysis

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procaine, lidocaine, aspirin

Front 104

drug metabolization: not metabolized

Back 104

chlorothiazide

Front 105

drug metabolization: plasma hydrolysis

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succinylcholine, tetracaine, remifentanil

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first generation antihistamine drugs

Back 106

hydroxyzine, promethazine, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine

Front 107

second generation antihistamine drugs

Back 107

fexofenadine,

Front 108

unequal crossover

Back 108

α-Thalassemia (deleted one or more α-globin genes from chromosome 16); Cri-du-chat syndrome (-5p)

Front 109

mutations in splice site

Back 109

β-thalassemia, Gaucher disease, Tay-Sachs

Front 110

nerve injury: shoulder dislocation or pressure on the floor of axilla

Back 110

radial nerve

Front 111

nerve injury: fracture of the shaft of the humerus

Back 111

radial nerve

Front 112

nerve injury: Carpal tunnel compression or wrist laceration or fracture of supracondylar humerus

Back 112

median nerve

Front 113

nerve injury: fracture of medial epicondyle

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ulnar nerve

Front 114

nerve injury: fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus or dislocation of the shoulder

Back 114

axillary nerve

Front 115

sulfonylureas 1st generation

Back 115

Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide

Front 116

sulfonylureas 2st generation

Back 116

Glyburide, Glimepiride, Glipizide

Front 117

Biguanides

Back 117

metformin

Front 118

Glitazones/thiazolidinediones

Back 118

Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone

Front 119

positively charged AA

Back 119

Lysine (Lys), Arginine (Arg), Histidine (His)

Front 120

negatively charged AA

Back 120

Aspartate (Asp), Glutamate (Glu)

Front 121

Polar, uncharged R groups AA

Back 121

Serine (Ser), Threonine (Thr), Cysteine (Cys), Methionine (Met), Asparagine (Asn), Glutamine (Gln)

Front 122

Nonpolar, Aliphatic Side chains AA

Back 122

Glycine (Gly), Alanine (Ala), Valine (Val), Leucine (Leu), Isoleucine (Ile), Proline (Pro)

Front 123

Aromatic Side chains AA

Back 123

Phenylalanine (Phe), Tyrosine (Tyr), Tryptophan (Trp)

Front 124

teratogens: alkylating agents

Back 124

absence of digits, multiple anomalies

Front 125

teratogens: Cocaine

Back 125

Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction; placental abruption

Front 126

teratogens: Lithium

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Ebstein's anomaly (atrialized right ventricle)

Front 127

teratogens: Maternal diabetes

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Caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia)

Front 128

teratogens: Thalidomide

Back 128

Limb defects ("flipper" limbs)

Front 129

teratogens: Valproate

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lnhibition of intestinal folate absorption

Front 130

teratogens: Vitamin A (excess)

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Extremely high risk for spontaneous abortions and birth defects (cleft palale, cardiac abnormalities)

Front 131

Causes of papillary necrosis (kidney)

Back 131

1. Sickle cell disease or trait; 2. Analgesic nephropathy (phenacetin); 3. Diabetes melitus; 4. Acute peyilonephritis and urinary tract obstruction.

Front 132

paralysis of upward gaze

Back 132

Parinaud syndrome (dorsal midbrain syndrome)

Front 133

new anitconvulsants for refractory partial seizures

Back 133

Tiagabine, Toprimate, Vigabatrin, Gabapetin

Front 134

acute dystonia

Back 134

develops abruptly 4h-4d after antipsychotic medication. oculogric crisis, muscle spasms or stiffness...; treat with antihistamine or anticholinergics