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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inorganic Elements
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-do not contain carbon
-are not easily destroyed and maintain their chemical identity -carry a charge/ are ions |
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Cation
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-positively charged ionic mineral
-Potassium, Magnesium, Sodium |
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Anion
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negatively charged mineral
-Sulfate, Phosphorus, Chloride |
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Minerals that help with fluid balance
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sodium, potassium, chloride
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Minerals that help with growth and health
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calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
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MAJOR MINERALS
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-present in qty. larger than 5g (tsp) in the body
-Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chloride, Magnesium - only Calcium and Phosphorus are present with more than a pound in the body |
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Calcium
(Ca+2) |
-most abundant mineral in the body
- 99% located in bones/teeth -readily available source of calcium to fluids in the body if blood calcium drops -bones are consistently gaining and losing minerals -1% in blood/tissues |
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Hydroxyapatite
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Calcium and Phosphate crystals
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Mineralization
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crystals become denser, strengthening and providing rigidity to maturing bone
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Fluoride
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stabilizes and hardens teeth, opposing mineral withdrawal (different from bone)
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Effects of Calcium on Soft Tissue and Blood
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Blood clot formation/blood pressure
Nerve impulse transmission Muscle contraction Enzyme regulation |
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How is blood level maintained?
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at the price of bone calcium
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Osteoporotic Bones
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-calcium deficiency causes blood to have to strain out calcium from bone supply, causing osteoporosis in bones
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Calcitonin
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-is secreted by thyroid gland when blood Calcium rises
-prevents calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, -limits calcium reabsorption in the intestines -inhibits the activation of Vitamin D -inhibits osteoclast cells from breaking down bone, preventing the release of calcium |
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Parathyroid Hormone
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-secreted by parathyroid gland when blood calcium falls
-stimulates the activation of Vitamin D -in combination with Vitamin D helps stimulate Calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and stimulates osteoclast cells to break down bone, releasing Calcium into the blood |
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Vitamin D
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-Parathyroid hormone stimulates its activation
-enhances Calcium absorption in the intestines -in combination with parathyroid hormone helps stimulate calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and stimulates osteoclast cells to break down bone, releasing Calcium into the blood |
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Calcium Needs
(AI) |
-1000-1200mg/ day for adults
-1300mg for adolescents -toxicity level: 2.5g/day |
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Osteoporosis
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-condition of skeletal fragility due to decreased bone mass and to microacrhitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with consequent increased risk of fracture
-not a single disorder but a group of discrete fracture syndromes -Multifactorial both in etiology and pathogenesis -Bone mass a risk factor for fracture rather than characteristic of the disease |
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Electrolytes
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-Potassium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sulfate, Sodium, Chloride
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Sodium
Na+ |
-major cation of extracellular fluid (movement into cell initiates action)
-min requirement: 500 mg/d, max: < 1500mg/d -functions: *Maintains electrolyte balance *Nerve impulse transmission *Muscle contraction |
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Sources of Salt in Diet
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-Salt added in food = 75%
-added at table and cooking = 15% -10% natural Na in foods -Processed foods have Na+ without Cl-, otherwise most always exists naturally as compound salt |
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Hyponatremia
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-Sodium Deficiency
-Symptoms: Muscle cramps, Mental apathy, Loss of appetite, Cerebral Swelling |
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Hypernatremia
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-Edema
-Acute hypertension -Usually not a problem if H2O is adequate |
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Hypertension
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=high blood pressure: medical condition in which the blood pressure is chronically elevated
-Sodium is main environmental cause, low K levels can also cause this increasing salt in a person's bloodstream causes cells to release water (due to osmotic pressure) to equilibrate the concentration gradient between the cells and the bloodstream -This increases pressure within the blood vessel wall, Increases thirst, Increase retention of water by kidneys |
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Chloride (Cl-)
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-Major anion in extracellular fluid
-found in stomach as HCl, helps in protein digestion -Lose HCl through vomiting , -increasing pH = Metabolic alkalosis |
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Metabolic Alkalosis
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increased pH due to vomiting which leads to loss of HCl in stomach
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Potassium
(K+) |
-Principal cation inside all living cells
- Helps with fluid balance, Nerve transmission, Muscle contractions, (same as sodium) -best sources are fresh fruits and veggies |
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Phosphorous (P)
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-widespread sources in many foods, difficult to overdose
-helps energy metabolism: ATP, many enzymes and B vitamins are “phosphorylated” -phospholipids are lipid carriers and cell membranes - part of buffer system for acid-base balance - |
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hydroxyapatite crystals
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-what bones and teeth are made out of
-85% of Phosphorus in the body goes into this -made out of Phosphorus and Calcium |
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Magnesium (Mg+2)
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-Bone Mineralization & teeth (~50% of body MG)
-Enzymes -Muscle contraction and nerve conduction -Antagonistic to Ca -Ca stimulates contraction -Mg++ relaxes muscles -Regulates b.p., lung function -Important for heart function -Mg is part of muscles so it is found in leafy green veggies |
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Trace Minerals
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-Iron,
-Zinc, -Copper, -Iodine, -Selenium, -Fluoride |
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Iron (Fe)
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-Both deficiency and toxicity effects widespread and important when considering intake
-Has two ionic states: * Ferrous Iron (reduced): Fe ++ * Ferric Iron (oxidized): Fe +++ This ability to transfer (both donate and accept) electrons, allows Fe to be involved as a co-factor in oxidation/reduction reactions, in almost every body cell: Roles in making amino acids, collagen, hormones, neurotransmitters, and oxygen transport in muscle and blood |
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Hemoglobin
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-Oxygen containing protein of RBCs that transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues
-carries O2 and CO2 (80% of body iron) -Fe helps accept, carry and release oxygen |
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Myoglobin
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-stores O2
-oxygen-holding protein in muscle -Fe helps accept, carry and release oxygen |
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Ferritin
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-protein that receives Iron from food in intestine, and stores iron in mucosal cells lining SI
-Mucosal Ferritin: storage |
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Transferrins
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-protein that transports iron
-Mucosal Transferrin: from storage -Blood Transferrin: to blood |
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Heme
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the iron holding structure within the hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins, Iron absorption increases when deficient
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MFP factor
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peptide found in meat, fish poultry
increases non-heme iron absorption |
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Hemosiderin
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-iron storage
-protein made primarily in time of iron overload |
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Iron Deficiency
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-the leading nutritional deficiency in the US, affecting 7.8 million women of childbearing years and adolescent girls , and 700,000 one and two year olds
-infants are at risk because a milk diet is low in iron |
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Tired Tissues
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-iron deficiency without Anemia
-Behavioral and cognitive effects appear -Can be mistaken in children for motivational/behavior problems |
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Microcytic, Hypo-chromic Anemia
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-iron deficiency w/Anemia
-Severe depletion of Fe stores -Low hemoglobin concentrations - small / pale red blood cells - lower iron levels – reduced Oxygen carrying capabilities |
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Microcytic Blood Cells
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irregularly small blood cells caused by anemia
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Hypo-chromic Blood Cells
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-pale blood cells that contain less hemoglobin due to anemia
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Hemochromotosis
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-Common genetic disorder failing to prevent unneeded iron from being absorbed.
-1.5 million in U.S. |
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Hemosiderosis
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-Deposits of Fe in tissues
-Massive supplement doses, repeated blood transfusions -Excessive iron storage can cause massive liver damage |
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Zinc (Zn +2)
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Roles in body:
-Immune function -Growth & development -Synthesis, storage, and release of insulin -Blood clotting -Thyroid hormone function -Behavior & learning performance |
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Metallothionein
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-stores Zinc
-releases zinc to albumin and transferrin for transport to the rest of the body |
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Albumin
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Blood Protein Containing Zn
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Zinc Deficiency
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-Poor growth
-Inadequate sexual development -Reduced sense of smell and taste -Acne-like rash -Mental confusion -Lack of appetite |
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Zinc Toxicity
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-Small doses
Over time can affect the heart (interfere with copper) -Larger doses diarrhea, vomiting, fever, anemia, exhaustion -Related to overuse of supplements |
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Iodine
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-Part of thyroid hormones: Thyroid hormones control BMR
-deficiency causes goiter |
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Goiter
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-caused by iodine deficiency
-very large mass at the base of the throat -enlarged thyroid gland -Sluggishness -Weight gain -Result of deficiency, or malfunction of thyroid gland -200 million worldwide affected |
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Simple Goiter
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caused by low Iodine intake
-96% of goiters are simple |
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Toxic Goiter
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caused by high goitrogen intake
-4% are toxic |
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Goitrogens
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-found in cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprouts and few others
- thyroid antagonist, interferes with iodine absorption |
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Selenium
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-has antioxidant properties, helps blocks free radical formation
-Anti-cancer effects in Se-rich diet, not Se supplements Coenzyme for Glutathione Peroxidase |
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Selenium Deficiency
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-Heart Disease Characterized by heart enlargement, fibrous tissue in place of muscle tissue
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Glutathione Peroxidase
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-Blocks free radical formation
- Has a complementary function to Vit E |
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Copper (Cu +2)
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-Diverse metabolic roles in reactions consuming oxygen or free oxygen radicals
-affects hemoglobin formation -Proteins bind Cu, to prevent damage (similar to Fe) +2 charge, like Fe/Zn -Sources: Seafood, nuts, grains, seeds -Zn, Fe, interfere with absorption -Deficiency - rare |
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Superoxide Dismutase
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-Anti-cancer, anti-oxidant enzyme
-uses Cu (copper) as cofactor |
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Fluoride (Fl-2)
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-make bones and teeth resistant to decay
-Causes decreased tooth decay where water is fluoridated -Fluoridation and Osteoporosis: could potentially be bad/good for Osteoporosis |
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Flouride Toxicity
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-moderate intake causes mottled teeth, and flourapatite (CaF)
-High Intake (through water) causes: - nausea - diarrhea - chest pain - itching - vomiting |
