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20 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

List the macrominerals (measured in % of diet)

Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S

List the microminerals (measured in g)

B, Co, Cu, F, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn

What are the functions of Ca

In bones for structure, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood coagulation, milk production, etc.

How is Ca maintained in the body in correct amounts?

- Reabsorption (kidneys to blood)


- Resorption (release from bones)


- Absorption (from intestine to blood)

What hormones regulate Ca and what do they do?

PHT: reabsorption from parathyroid


Calcitonin: lay down more in bone, calcification, from thyroid

What happens when Ca is low in the blood?

What is the difference between primary and secondary deficiencies?

Primary: not ingesting enough


Secondary: reduced digestion or absorbtion

What are symptoms of Ca deficiency in young and old animals?

Young animals:


- Rickets (secondary to Ca:P) big head in horses


- Poor bone development




Adults


- stiffness, difficulty calving, reduced condition


- Osteomalacia (soft bones)


- Milk fever (excitable, down, coma)

What causes eclampsia in bitches?

High Ca during gestation (tremors, aggression, etc.)

How is P absorbed, available, and excreted?

Absorbed normally (too much stops Ca absorption)


Available in phytic acid in plants (birds and pigs cannot use, require phytase enzyme)


Excreted in urine

What does P do?

- ATP


- Skeleton


- DNA


- Membranes

What are the signs of P deficiency?

- Pica (eat dirt)


- Rickets

What are signs of P toxicity?

- diarrhea


- pigs suffocate because soft ribs


- low Ca issues

What are signs of Mg deficiency?

Puppies: depression, lethargy


Pigs: crooked legs, twitching, tetany, death


General calcification necrosis


Cattle: Grass tetany (bad ratios)

What are the roles of Sodium?

- pH


- Fluid volume


- Water reabsorption in kidney

What are the roles of potassium?

- Intracellular cation


- Insulin release


- Nerves


- Muscle function

What are the roles of Cl?

- primary anion


- pH


- HCl in stomach

What are the signs of salt toxicity?

Pigs: stilted walk into walls, convulsions


Chickens: Ascites

what are the roles of S?

- Cartilegde


- Acid base


- in feathers and wool

What are the signs of S toxicity and deficiency?

Both RARE


Toxicity: H2S can be bad


Deficiency: poor wool growth and weight gain